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__Bioenergy Resources and Technologies__ presents advanced approaches and applications of bioenergy resources, with a strong focus on environmental sustainability. Chapters on the applications of bioenergy, the implementation of bioenergy as an alternative fuel, and future energy security make this an invaluable and unique resource to further advance the field. This book provides new information and novel techniques across a variety of bioenergy applications, with the book's authors addressing key uses for bioenergy resources as an alternative fuel. Various case studies and examples help demonstrate meaning and provide additional clarity. Social and economic aspects are included for each technology discussed, along with a number of research works and their findings in a diverse mix of areas including energy, environmental science, biotechnology, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. Researchers and professionals in these disciplines will gain knowledge on the underlying concepts, technologies, fuel applications and solutions to global environmental issues using bioenergy resources. Front-Matter_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies Front Matter Copyright_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies Copyright Dedication_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies Dedication Contributors_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies Contributors Editors-biography_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies Editors biography Preface_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies Preface Chapter-1---Usefulness-of-selected-annual-plants-cultiva_2021_Bioenergy-Reso Usefulness of selected annual plants cultivated for more energy content biomass production purposes in a tempe ... Introduction Usefulness of energy crops Energy crops cultivation potential on the example of Greater Poland Soil and climate conditions of the region Characteristics of energy plant species dedicated for the region Willow (Salix L.) Poplar (Populus L.) Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.) Giant miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus J.M. Greef & M. Deuter) Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Bosc) Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Agropyron elongatum L Perennial species Oats (Avena sativa L.) Rye (Secale cereale L.) Corn (Zea mays L.) Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Possibilities of using biomass for energy purposes Biofuel production law Solid biofuels Liquid biofuels Gas biofuels Conclusion References Chapter-2---Catalytic-pyrolysis-of-biomass-using-sha_2021_Bioenergy-Resource Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using shape-selective zeolites for bio-oil enhancement Introduction Methodology Zeolites synthesis Zeolites characterization Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using zeolites Products characterization Degree of deoxygenation (DOD) Results and discussion Raw material and catalysts characterization Pyrolysis products yield Gas analysis and DOD Pore size and shape impact Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter-3---Advance-strategies-for-tar-elimination_2021_Bioenergy-Resources- Advance strategies for tar elimination from biomass gasification techniques Introduction Bioenergy Biomass thermochemical conversion techniques Biomass combustion Biomass pyrolysis Biomass gasification and its principle Gasification mechanism Types of gasifiers Fixed-bed gasifier Updraft gasifier Downdraft gasifier Cross-draft gasifier Fluidized-bed gasifier Entrained flow gasifier What is tar Formation for tar Chemical composition of tar Classification of tar and their properties Tar reactivity Acceptable limits for tar Relative issues of tar in downstream gasification process Tar abatement techniques Primary tar abatement techniques Operating condition Secondary tar abatement techniques Mechanical tar removal methods Dry tar removal Wet tar removal Chemical tar removal technique Catalytic tar cracking Thermal decomposition Tar removal by thermal plasma Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter-4---Biogas--A-promising-clean-energ_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Tec Biogas: A promising clean energy technology Introduction Anaerobic digestion Paybacks of the anaerobic digestion Principles of anaerobic digestion Co-digestion Feedstock for the generation of biogas Urban waste Animal manure waste Industrial effluents and waste Lignocellulosic material Various pretreatment techniques used for biogas production Physical pretreatments Chemical treatment Production of biogas in different countries Conclusion References Chapter-5---Potential-of-ionic-liquid-applications-in-_2021_Bioenergy-Resour Potential of ionic liquid applications in natural gas/biogas sweetening and liquid fuel cleaning process Introduction Absorption of CO2 from methane-rich gas mixture Treatment with traditional methods CO2 separation using ionic liquid treatment Conventional ionic liquid treatment Treatment with ionic liquid-solvent-functional group mixture Supported ionic liquid membranes treatment Treatment of liquid fuels Treatment with traditional methods Treatment with ionic liquids Desulfurization Bio-oil esterification and removal of oxygenates Influential factors for ionic liquid treatment Factors affecting gas absorption Henrys law constant Nature of cation and anion of ILs Process parameters Factors affecting the desulfurization of liquid fuel Future prospects and challenges Concluding remarks Abbreviations References Chapter-6---Technologies-for-renewable-hydro_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Te Technologies for renewable hydrogen production Introduction to hydrogen Production of hydrogen from fossil fuels Production of hydrogen from natural gas Production of hydrogen from coal Capture and storage of CO2 Heat-dependent methods of hydrogen production Steam methane reforming and pyrolysis Factors affecting production of hydrogen from water electrolysis Thermodynamics of hydrogen Electrochemistry of hydrogen Transport resistances Bubble phenomena Electrolyzer efficiency and performance Various hydrogen production technologies from water electrolysis Alkaline water electrolyzers Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers Solid oxide electrolyte electrolyzers Efficiency, lifetime, and voltage degradation Main features of commercially available electrolyzers Alternative conversion technologies for renewable hydrogen production Thermochemical water splitting Biomass pyrolysis Gasification of biomass Catalytic decomposition of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen production by water splitting due to photocatalysts Photo-electrolysis (photolysis) Magnetolysis Radiolysis Hydrogen production by biological methods Anaerobic fermentation for hydrogen production Dark fermentation Photofermentation MEC (microbial electronic cells) Biophotolysis Biohydrogen Use of biohydrogen Role of water electrolysis Renewable hydrogen production Wind energy for hydrogen production Geothermal energy for hydrogen production Biomass Solar, wave, tidal, and ocean thermal energy for hydrogen production Hybrid renewable systems Autonomous applications for renewable hydrogen Grid-connected applications Current demand for hydrogen and future prospective Demand for hydrogen Economic and future prospective of hydrogen production Comparison of different technologies in terms of cost, efficiency, and reliability in H2 generation Hydrogen storage and distribution Gaseous hydrogen storage Liquid hydrogen storage Solid hydrogen Comparison of three storage systems Hydrogen pipelines and distribution Focus on distributed systems Hydrogen safety Conclusions Abbreviations References Chapter-7---Hydrogen-production-via-electrolysis-_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-a Hydrogen production via electrolysis: Mathematical modeling approach Hydrogen and methods to produce Water splitting methods Electrolysis Alkaline electrolyzers (AE) Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEME) Solid oxide electrolyzers (SOE) Renewable hydrogen production Cost analysis of electrolysis Background of electrolysis Mathematical modeling of an alkaline electrolyzer (AE) Mathematical modeling of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEME) Mathematical modeling of the solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) Mathematical modeling of electrolyzers powered by renewable resources Conclusion Abbreviations Abbreviations References Chapter-8---Techno-economic-evaluation-methodolo_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-an Techno-economic evaluation methodology for hydrogen energy systems Introduction Process model of a hydrogen energy system The capital cost model Exponential method Study method Estimation of working capital Operating costs Simplified model for operating cost estimation Variable manufacturing cost estimation Fixed manufacturing cost estimation Cash flow analysis Profitability evaluation Rate of return on investment Payout period Net present value (NPV) Internal rate of return (IRR) Comparison of NPV and IRR in economic evaluation Economic evaluation of projects: Effect of inflation Discounting the Crt to get the present value Sensitivity analysis Univariate optimization Monte Carlo analysis Results and discussion Summary References Chapter-9---Hydrogen-production-from-municipal-sol_2021_Bioenergy-Resources- Hydrogen production from municipal solid waste (MSW) for cleaner environment Introduction Energy potential of hydrogen Application of hydrogen Different sources and processes of hydrogen production Hydrogen production from fossil fuels Hydrogen production from renewable sources Gasification process for waste to hydrogen production Chemical reactions and conversion process Benefits of hydrogen generation from MSW Comparison of MSW gasification with landfill disposal Comparison of H2 generation from different sources Future prospects of waste to hydrogen production Conclusions References Chapter-10---A-comprehensive-investigation-on-the-effects_2021_Bioenergy-Res A comprehensive investigation on the effects of ceramic layering and cetane improver with an avocado seed oil ... Introduction Biodiesel Overview about avocado Overview of cetane improver and ceramic coating Objective and novelty of the present work Methodology Materials and methods Production of biodiesel Property analysis Ceramic layering Cetane improver Fuel blends Engine selection Uncertainty analysis Results and discussions Conclusion Future enhancement Acknowledgments References Chapter-11---Effect-of-low-carbon-biofuel-on-carbon_2021_Bioenergy-Resources Effect of low carbon biofuel on carbon emissions in biodiesel fueled CI engine Introduction Karanja oil Low carbon fuels Pine oil Eucalyptus oil Orange oil Camphor oil Di-ethyl ether (DEE) Acetone Monoethanolamine (MEA) Gaseous fuels Hydrogen Oxyhydrogen (HHO) Present study Experimental setup Gaseous fuel injection system Test fuels Experiment Results and discussion Conclusion Abbreviations References Chapter-12---Life-cycle-assessment-of-photosynthetic_2021_Bioenergy-Resource Life cycle assessment of photosynthetic microalgae for sustainable biodiesel production Microalgae production and processing Life cycle assessment (LCA) LCA studies of algal biodiesel production Conclusions and recommendations References Chapter-13---Social--economic--and-environmental-_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-a Social, economic, and environmental aspects of bioenergy resources Introduction Impacts of bioenergy: Environmental aspects Water quantity and quality GHG emissions Biodiversity Soil quality and erosion Impacts of bioenergy production: Social aspects Gender and equity Food security Land ownership and tenure Health concerns Social acceptability Impacts of bioenergy production: Economic aspects Trade of bioenergy Employment generation Interaction with market price Energy security Discussions Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter-14---An-overview-of-policy-framework-and-measur_2021_Bioenergy-Resou An overview of policy framework and measures promoting bioenergy usage in the EU, the United States, and Canada Introduction Recent trends in bioenergy Global bioenergy-An analysis Renewable energy versus bioenergy: A comparative analysis Africa Asia Central America and Caribbean Eurasia Europe Middle East North America Ocenaia South America World Bioenergy resources in the developed world The European Union policy framework for bioenergy Key features of the EU bioenergy policy Implications of RED targets for bioenergy promotion and its deployment Institutional structures with governance regulations Response to insufficient ambition and progress (RED Art.27) Transposition of the RED-FQD as amended by the ILUC directive The incentives or support schemes for bioenergy Policy measures/tools (instruments) Impact of RED on promotion and further deployment of bioenergy Marketing of bioenergy and the EU Key challenges Beyond 2020 Bioenergy policy in the United States Institutional structures Regulating the biofuel market and establishing standards Policy implications Bioenergy policy in Canada Policy features (features of bioenergy laws) Regulating the biofuels market and establishing standards State of bioenergy in Canada and policy implications Conclusion Transposition of EU regulations into MSs legislation References Index_2021_Bioenergy-Resources-and-Technologies Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z Bioenergy Resources and Technologies presents advanced approaches and applications of bioenergy resources, with a strong focus on environmental sustainability. Chapters on the applications of bioenergy, the implementation of bioenergy as an alternative fuel, and future energy security make this an invaluable and unique resource to further advance the field. This book provides new information and novel techniques across a variety of bioenergy applications, with the book's authors addressing key uses for bioenergy resources as an alternative fuel. Various case studies and examples help demonstrate meaning and provide additional clarity. Social and economic aspects are included for each technology discussed, along with a number of research works and their findings in a diverse mix of areas including energy, environmental science, biotechnology, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. Researchers and professionals in these disciplines will gain knowledge on the underlying concepts, technologies, fuel applications and solutions to global environmental issues using bioenergy resources. Presents technical and social issues surrounding the latest bioenergy technologies Explores solutions to global sustainability goals through bioenergy applications and the future of energy security Includes experimental investigations of engine performance, emissions and combustion phenomena using different types of oxygenated fuel