Bioelectrics

This book focuses on bioelectrics, a new multidisciplinary field encompassing engineering and biology with applications to the medical, environmental, food, energy, and biotechnological fields. At present, 15 universities and institutes in Japan, the USA and the EU comprise the International Consortium of Bioelectrics, intended to advance this novel and important research field. This book will serve as an introductory resource for young scientists and also as a textbook for use by both undergraduate and graduate students – the world’s first such work solely devoted to bioelectrics. 1.3.2 Biological Effects -- 1.3.2.1 Calcium Mobilization and Intracellular Calcium Release -- 1.3.2.2 Regulated/Programmed Cell Death -- 1.3.3 New Research Directions -- 1.3.3.1 From Nanosecond to Picosecond Pulses -- 1.3.3.2 From Membranes to Proteins -- 1.3.3.3 Thermally Assisted Electroeffects -- 1.3.3.4 Nonthermal Plasmas for Environmental and Medical Applications -- References -- Chapter 2: Pulsed Power Technology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basis of Electric Circuit -- 2.2.1 Resistors, Inductors, and Capacitors -- 2.2.1.1 Voltage-Current Relationships -- 2.2.1.2 Electrical Energy Storage 1.2 Millisecond and Microsecond Pulse Effects: An Introduction -- 1.2.1 History -- 1.2.2 Physical Effects on Membranes (Experiments and Modeling) -- 1.2.3 Primary Biological Effects (Cytoplasmic Content Changes and Swelling) -- 1.2.4 Secondary Biological Effects (Fusogenicity, Apoptosis, etc.) -- 1.2.5 Medical Applications -- 1.2.6 Biotechnological Applications -- 1.3 Nanosecond and Picosecond Pulse Effects: An Introduction -- 1.3.1 From Classical Plasma Membrane Poration to Subcellular Membrane Effects -- 1.3.1.1 Nanoporation of Membranes -- 1.3.1.2 Scaling of Nanosecond Pulse Effects 2.3.4 Inductive Energy Storage Using Opening Switch -- 2.3.5 Generator Using Power Semiconductor Device -- 2.3.6 Conclusions -- 2.4 Switches -- 2.4.1 Magnetic Switches -- 2.4.2 Semiconductor Opening Switches -- 2.4.3 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology Transistors -- 2.4.4 Thyristors and Turn-Off Thyristor Devices -- 2.4.5 Power JFETs and Derived Devices -- 2.4.6 Conclusions -- 2.5 Measurements -- 2.5.1 Electrical Measurements -- 2.5.1.1 High-Voltage Pulse Measurements -- 2.5.1.2 Example of a Very Wide Bandwidth D-Dot Probe [30] -- 2.5.1.3 Pulsed Current Measurements 2.2.2 Basic Circuits for Pulsed Power [1, 2] -- 2.2.2.1 Capacitor-Resistor Circuit -- 2.2.2.2 Inductor-Resistor Circuit -- 2.2.2.3 CLR Circuit: Capacitive Energy Storage Circuit -- 2.2.2.4 CLC Energy Transfer Circuit -- 2.2.3 Impulse Generators [2, 3, 4, 5] -- 2.2.3.1 Marx Generator -- 2.2.3.2 LC Generator -- 2.2.4 Transmission Line [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] -- 2.2.4.1 Transmission Line Theory -- 2.2.4.2 Reflection and Matching -- 2.2.5 Pulse-Forming Network -- 2.3 Pulsed Power Generators -- 2.3.1 Pulse-Forming Line -- 2.3.2 Blumlein Line -- 2.3.3 Magnetic Pulse Compression Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 History of the Membrane Electroporation Concept -- 1.1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.2 Ensemble Kinetics of Electroporation -- 1.1.3 Molecular Chemical Schemes for Pore Formation -- 1.1.4 Global Electroporation Scheme -- 1.1.5 Chemical Energetics of Field Effects -- 1.1.6 The Induced Potential Difference -- 1.1.7 Contribution of Natural Membrane Potential -- 1.1.8 Positional Averages -- 1.1.9 Experimental Data Correlations -- 1.1.10 Flux Coefficient Integrals -- 1.1.11 Elementary Kinetics of Electroporation Front Matter....Pages i-x Introduction....Pages 1-40 Pulsed Power Technology....Pages 41-107 Special Electromagnetic Agents: From Cold Plasma to Pulsed Electromagnetic Radiation....Pages 109-154 Biological Responses....Pages 155-274 Medical Applications....Pages 275-388 Environmental Applications, Food and Biomass Processing by Pulsed Electric Fields....Pages 389-476 Back Matter....Pages 477-481