Biodiversity In The Marine Environment Biodiversité En Environnement Marin. English

Oceans and seas cover more than 70 % of the Earth and hold extraordinarily rich biodiversity, right down to great depths where abundant life forms thrive near ocean ridges. But marine biodiversity remains poorly known and faces numerous threats. Endangered by ever-increasing pressures from human activities, it is also sensitive to climate-based disturbances, in particular their consequences on ocean acidification. Contents 1 The Importance of Marine Biodiversity Key Features Hierarchical Components The Functional Significance of Biodiversity Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 2 The Impacts of Human Activities on Marine Biodiversity The Strategic Value of Research 3 Status and Trends How Many Marine Species are There? Taxonomic Records Cryptic Species The DNA Barcode The Drive to Identify New Species The “Taxonomic Impediment” Extinct Species Endangered Species Ecosystems Under Pressure: The Deep Sea Climate Change Acidification, a “Chemical Mirror” of Ocean Warming Spatial Patterning of Characteristics Large-Scale Patterns Local Patterns (Habitats) Habitat Classification Population Structure and Connectivity Biological Invasions Temporal Patterns Geological Scale Historical Scale Cascading Effects Fisheries Trends—Other Uses of Marine Ecosystems Dedicated Time Series 4 Conceptualising Biodiversity Conceptual Frameworks for Relationships Between Biodiversity and Human Societies Choice of Model Framework 5 Measuring Biodiversity Measuring Genetic Diversity Measuring Species Diversity Assessing the Value of Marine Biodiversity Analytical Methods Relevant to the Human Dimensions of Marine Biodiversity Methods of Social Science Analysis Understanding the Human Context Understanding Human Interactions Understanding Costs and Benefits of Biodiversity Protections Understanding Impacts of Actions to Protect Marine Biodiversity Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Indicators (SINP-Mer Jointly Operated by Ifremer, MNHN and AAMP) 6 Drivers of Changes in Biodiversity and its Uses Environmental Drivers: A Working Framework Evolutionary Timescales Ecological Timescales Causes of Pressures Importance of Disturbance: Biodiversity, Resilience and Robustness of Marine Ecosystems The Scientific Challenge Knowns Unknowns Human Drivers Knowns Unknowns Social Cultural 7 Integrated Scenarios and Policies Policies and Decision Support Developing Scenarios Qualitative Learning from Past Experience Quantitative Learning from Past Experience Learning from Analytical and Mathematical Reasoning Learning from Virtual Experiments (in silico) Learning by Doing Quantitative Methods, Models and Integrated Assessment Coupling Ecological, Environmental and Socioeconomic Models Diversity vs. Homogeneity of Models Modelling: Scenarios and Assessment Challenges Complex Dynamic Systems Multi-Criteria Issues Sustainability and Intergenerational Equity Precaution, Risk Analysis and Management Adaptive Management Governance, Coordination and Compliance 8 Research Needs The Framework: Environmental Research Research Systems Sustaining Ecosystem Services Naturalistic Dimensions Linking Ecological Functions and Ecosystem Services Measuring the Genetic Basis of Biodiversity Differentiating Evolutionary and Ecological Time Scales Putting Fish Stocks Back in Their Ecosystems Impacts of Physical Amenities and Pollution on Biodiversity Human Dimensions of Research Data Issues Cultures, Institutions, Appropriation Demographics and Economics Decision-Making Processes Developing Modelling: A Summarising Approach Original French edition published by Éditions Quæ, Versailles, 2012. Jointly published with Éditions Quæ, Versailles, France. 0Oceans cover more than 70% of earth and host a largely unknown marine biodiversity critical for future human beings. An improved knowledge of marine biodiversity at various scales (from genes to ecosystems) is required to facilitate building integrated scenarios and policies for a sustainable development as well as its conservation. Understanding species interactions, ecosystem functioning and dynamics, as well as biodiversity uses is presently a scientific challenge. Conservation of marine biodiversity is now a worldwide priority emphasized by several international conventions (UN, CBD.) and a key target for European policies and national strategies. This book provides a comprehensive review of the status and trends of marine biodiversity, an impact assessment of human activities and suggests a conceptual framework for relationships between biodiversity and human societies. Further research needs and priorities are identified to sustain the development of integrated scenarios and policies, considering a sustainable development as well as biodiversity conservation. The book is the product of a collective scientific expertise based upon international experts originating from social, biological and ecological sciences "The oceans cover over 70% of our planet. They are host to a biodiversity of tremendous wealth. Its preservation is now a global priority featuring in several international conventions and a confirmed objective of European policies and national strategies. Understanding the dynamics and the uses of the marine biodiversity is a genuine scientific challenge. Fourteen international experts have got together and identified five priority research themes to address the problem, based on analysing the state of knowledge."--Provided by publisher The Importance Of Marine Biodiversity -- The Impacts Of Human Activities On Marine Biodiversity -- Status And Trends -- Conceptualising Biodiversity -- Measuring Biodiversity -- Drivers Of Changes In Biodiversity And Its Uses -- Integrated Scenarios And Policies -- Research Needs -- Sources. Philippe Goulletquer, Philippe Gros, Gilles Boeuf, Jacques Weber. Translation Of: Biodiversité En Environnement Marin. 2013. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 175-198). Front Matter....Pages i-xxi The Importance of Marine Biodiversity....Pages 1-13 The Impacts of Human Activities on Marine Biodiversity....Pages 15-20 Status and Trends....Pages 21-84 Conceptualising Biodiversity....Pages 85-94 Measuring Biodiversity....Pages 95-111 Drivers of Changes in Biodiversity and its Uses....Pages 113-128 Integrated Scenarios and Policies....Pages 129-143 Research Needs....Pages 145-159 Back Matter....Pages 161-198