Biodegradation and Detoxification of Micropollutants in Industrial Wastewater

Biodegradation and Detoxification of Micropollutants in Industrial Wastewater summarizes the occurrence and source of micropollutants through various industrial wastewaters. It covers the type of micropollutants, their effects, and emerging detection and treatment methods. The book has 11 chapters, and throughout each chapter, it presents the fate and effects of micropollutants, quantitative and qualitative analysis of micropollutants in industrial wastewaters, and treatment of micropollutants through conventional and advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Presents detailed information on the micropollutants of industrial wastewaters and their origins Assesses the toxic effect these micropollutants have on living organisms Evaluates emerging treatment technologies for the removal of micropollutants Includes molecular biology, nanotechnology and microbiology approaches for the management of micropollutants in industrial wastewaters    Contributors Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 - Evaluation of micro-pollutants removal from industrial wastewater using conventional and advanced biological t ... 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of micro-pollutants (MPs) in industrial wastewaters and their toxic health effects 1.2.1 Organic micro-pollutants 1.2.2 Inorganic micro-pollutants 1.3 Conventional biological treatment 1.3.1 Activated sludge process 1.3.2 Biological trickling filter 1.3.3 Biological passive aeration nitrification/denitrification reactor 1.4 Advanced biological treatment 1.4.1 Two-phase partitioning bioreactor 1.4.2 Membrane based reactor 1.4.3 Moving bed biofilm reactor 1.4.4 Cell-immobilized bioreactor 1.4.5 Hybrid methods 1.5 Pros and cons of biological treatment process on MPs removal over conventional ones 1.6 Future aspects of BWWTPs of large-scale MPs remediation 1.7 Conclusion References Chapter 2 - Fate and occurrence of micro- and nano-plastic pollution in industrial wastewater 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Micro- and nano-plastics in the environment 2.3 Structural difference between micro- and nano-plastics 2.4 Characterisation of micro- and nano-plastics 2.5 Techniques used for characterization of micro- and nano-plastics from wastewater 2.5.1 Visual characterization 2.5.1.1 The size and color sorting (SCS) system 2.5.1.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 2.5.2 Vibrational spectroscopy 2.5.2.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 2.5.2.2 Raman spectroscopy 2.5.3 Mass spectrometry 2.5.3.1 Thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TDS-GC–MS) 2.5.3.2 Pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (py-GC–MS) 2.6 Health hazards of microplastics and nanoplastics 2.6.1 Effects on terrestrial environment 2.6.2 Effects on aquatic environment 2.6.3 Major consequences on human health 2.7 Impact of micro- and nano-plastics in industrial wastewater 2.8 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 3 - Biosensors as an effective tool for detection of emerging water and wastewater pollutants 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Conventional methods of pollutants’ detection in wastewater 3.3 Biosensors 3.3.1 Optical biosensors 3.3.2 Electrochemical biosensors 3.3.3 Thermal biosensors 3.3.4 Enzymatic biosensors 3.3.5 Paper based biosensors 3.3.6 Other biosensors 3.3.6.1 Piezoelectric biosensors 3.3.6.2 Microfluidic biosensors 3.3.6.3 Immunochemical biosensors 3.4 Advantages of biosensors over conventional detection methods 3.5 Nanotechnology for biosensors 3.5.1 Nanophotocatalysis 3.5.2 Nanomotors and micromotors 3.5.3 Nanomembranes 3.5.3.1 Nanofiber membranes 3.5.3.2 Nanocomposite membrane 3.5.3.3 Aquaporin-based membrane 3.5.3.4 Self-assembling membranes 3.5.3.5 Nanofilteration membrane 3.6 Conclusions References Chapter 4 - Removal of organic micro-pollutants by aerobic and anaerobic microorganism 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Organic micropollutants 4.2.1 Sources 4.2.2 Types of organic micropollutants 4.2.2.1 Human and animal associated OMPs 4.2.2.2 Agriculture associated OMPs 4.2.2.3 Industry-associated OMPs 4.2.3 Physicochemical characteristics of OMPs 4.3 Effect of organic micropollutants on the environments 4.4 Different methods for the removal of organic micropollutants 4.4.1 Nonbiological method for remediation 4.4.2 Biological methods of remediation 4.4.3 Enzymatic degradation of OMPs 4.4.4 Biofiltration of OMPs 4.5 Aerobic and anaerobic microorganism for the removal of ­micropollutants 4.5.1 Microbiological aspects of micropollutant degradation 4.5.2 Factors effecting the feasibility of microorganism selection 4.5.2.1 Structure of compound 4.5.2.2 Operating condition 4.5.3 Application of aerobic and anaerobic system for micropollutants removal 4.6 Limitations and future prospects 4.7 Conclusions References Chapter 5 - Emerging dye contaminants of industrial origin and their enzyme-assisted biodegradation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Enzymes for dye degradation 5.2.1 Azoreductase 5.2.2 Laccase 5.2.3 Peroxidase 5.3 Immobilized enzymes 5.4 Conclusions and future prospects References Chapter 6 - An overview on the application of constructed wetlands for the treatment of metallic wastewater 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sources of metal pollution and its environmental implications 6.2.1 Natural origins 6.2.2 Industrial (or anthropogenic) origins 6.3 Environmental impacts 6.4 Treatment of metal-laden industrial wastewater 6.4.1 Physico-chemical treatment 6.4.2 Biological treatment 6.5 Constructed wetlands for heavy metal removal 6.5.1 Metal removal mechanisms 6.5.1.1 Filtration and sedimentation 6.5.1.2 Sorption 6.5.1.3 Precipitation and co-precipitation 6.5.1.4 Association of metals with oxides (oxidation) and hydroxides (hydrolysis) 6.5.1.5 Precipitation as metal carbonates 6.5.1.6 Precipitation as metal sulfides 6.5.1.7 Microbial metabolism 6.5.1.8 Plant uptake 6.5.2 Long-term performance feasibility 6.6 Conclusions References Chapter 7 - A glance over current status of waste management and landfills across the globe: A review 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Global scenario of landfilling 7.3 Indian scenario of landfilling 7.4 Land requirement for dumpsites 7.5 MSWM in developed and emerging countries: a comparative analysis 7.6 Conclusions References Chapter 8 - Micro and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life: fate, effect and remediation strategy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Extensive use of plastic in our daily life 8.3 Characterizations of MPs and NPs 8.3.1 Physical characterizations 8.3.2 Chemical characterizations 8.4 Environmental behavior and fate of MPs and NPs 8.4.1 Sources 8.4.2 Mechanism of microplastic conversion to NPs 8.4.3 Migration of MPs and NPs 8.4.4 Aggregation of MPs and NPs 8.4.5 Deposition of MPs and NPs 8.5 Impact of MPs and NPs on aquatic life ecosystem 8.5.1 Effects on aquatic microorganisms 8.5.2 Effects on aquatic organisms 8.5.3 Effect on large marine animals 8.5.4 Effects on human health 8.6 Remediation of MPs and NPs from the aquatic system 8.6.1 Control of sources 8.6.2 Enhancement of removal efficiency 8.6.2.1 Physicochemical approach 8.6.2.1.1 Grit chamber/primary sedimentation 8.6.2.1.2 Coagulation 8.6.2.1.3 Sand filter 8.6.2.1.4 Rapid sand filter 8.6.2.1.5 Granular activated carbon filtration 8.6.2.1.6 Membrane disc-filter 8.6.2.1.7 Conventional activated sludge process 8.6.2.1.8 Membrane bioreactor 8.6.2.2 Chemical methods to treat MPs 8.6.2.3 Ecofriendly and green approach 8.6.2.3.1 Adsorption on green algae 8.6.2.3.2 Enzyme technology 8.6.2.3.3 Metagenomics 8.6.2.3.4 Nano technology 8.7 Conclusion References Chapter 9 - Endocrine-disrupting pollutants in domestic and industrial wastewater: occurrence and removal by advanced trea ... 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Sources, fate, and interaction of EDCs with biota 9.3 Removal of EDCs via physical and chemical treatment 9.3.1 Physical treatment 9.3.1.1 Membrane technology 9.3.1.2 Absorption by activated carbon 9.3.2 Chemical treatment 9.3.2.1 Advanced oxidation 9.3.2.2 Heterogeneous photocatalysis 9.3.2.3 Homogeneous advanced oxidation processes 9.4 Nanomaterial assisted removal of EDCs 9.4.1 Carbon nanotubes 9.4.2 Nanocomposites 9.4.3 Zero-Valent iron 9.5 Polymer-based removal of EDCs 9.6 EDC bioremediation technologies 9.7 Conclusion and recommendation Conflict of interest disclosures Funding Acknowledgments References Chapter 10 - Use of microalgae for the removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Selection of micro algae 10.1.2 Cultivation 10.2 Microalgae-based mechanism for degradation of pollutants 10.2.1 Biodegradation 10.2.2 Biosorption 10.2.3 Photo-degradation 10.2.4 Volatilization 10.3 Removal strategies in micro algae based treatment systems 10.3.1 Open ponds 10.3.2 Closed photo bioreactors 10.3.3 Immobilized cells 10.3.4 Consortia 10.4 Combined systems 10.4.1 Physical process 10.4.2 Advanced oxidation 10.4.3 Combined technologies 10.5 Removal efficiency of various emerging contaminants by microalgae 10.5.1 Toxicity of wastewater 10.5.2 Nutrient deficiency 10.5.3 Nutrient removal—nitrogen and phosphorus 10.5.4 Xenobiotic compound removal 10.5.5 Heavy metals removal 10.6 Biomass separation 10.6.1 Coagulation/flocculation 10.6.2 Electrochemical methods 10.6.3 Filtration 10.6.4 Centrifugation 10.7 Harvesting of algal biomass 10.7.1 Sedimentation 10.7.2 Floatation 10.7.3 Filtration 10.7.4 Centrifugation 10.7.5 Drying 10.8 Necessity of pre and post treatment of micro algae 10.9 Conclusion References Chapter 11 - Bioaugmentation as a strategy for the removal of emerging pollutants from wastewater 11.1 Introduction to bioremediation 11.2 Current bioremediation methods and their limitations 11.2.1 Microbial remediation 11.2.1.1 Ex-situ bioremediation 11.2.1.2 In-situ microbial remediation 11.2.1.3 Intrinsic in-situ bioremediation 11.2.1.4 The engineered in-situ bioremediation process 11.2.1.4.1 Bioventing 11.2.1.4.2 Biosparging 11.2.1.4.3 Bioslurping 11.2.1.4.4 Biostimulation 11.2.1.4.5 Bioaugmentation 11.2.1.5 Limitations of microbial remediation 11.2.2 Phyto-remediation 11.2.2.1 Limitations of phytoremediation 11.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of bioremediation 11.3 Nanoparticles for Bioaugmentation: Nanobioaugmentation 11.3.1 Nano-stimulated microbial bioaugmentation 11.3.2 Nano-phytoremediation 11.4 Current technological barriers in using nanoparticles 11.5 Future prospective and conclusion References Index