بیوآرکئولوژی: تحلیل زمینه‌ای بقایای انسانی (بیوآرکئولوژی)

(publisher-supplied Data) The Core Subject Matter Of Bioarchaeology Is The Lives Of Past Peoples, Interpreted Anthropologically. Human Remains, Contextualized Archaeologically And Historically, Form The Unit Of Study. Integrative And Frequently Inter-disciplinary, Bioarchaeology Draws Methods And Theoretical Perspectives From Across The Sciences And The Humanities. Bioarchaeology: The Contextual Study Of Human Remains Focuses Upon North American Bioarchaeology, As Defined Above, Which Contrasts With European Approaches More Firmly Linked To The Study Of All Organic Archaeological Residues. Although Buikstra Coined This Use Of Bioarchaeology In The 1970s, The Unique Approaches Of This Field Of Inquiry Have Much Deeper Roots, Primarly Reflected In The History Of American Anthropology. This Book Uses An Historical Approach To Explore This History, To Define The Current Status Of The Field, And To Project The Future Of Bioarchaeology. It Is Divided Into Three Sections: 1. People And Places - Early Landmarks In Bioarchaeology; 2. Emerging Specialities; And 3. On To The 21st Century. Human Life Histories Studied Through Integration Of Skeletal Biology With Archaeological And Contextual Approaches. Draws From Traditionally Distinct Sub-disciplines Of Anthropology. Multi-disciplinary. Includes Historical, Contemporary And Future Perspective. Broad Array Of Scholars/scholarship. A Historical Introduction / Jane E. Buikstra -- The Old Physical Anthropology And The New World : A Look At The Accomplishments Of An Antiquated Paradigm / Della Collins Cook -- The Changing Role Of Skeletal Biology At The Smithsonian / Douglas H. Ubelaker -- Kidder, Hooton, Pecos And The Birth Of Bioarchaeology / Lane Anderson Beck -- Hemenway, Hrdlička, And Hawikku : A Historical Perspective On Bioarchaeological Research In The American Southwest / Gordon F.m. Rakita -- A New Deal For Human Osteology / George R. Milner And Keith P. Jacobi -- Invisible Hands : Women In Bioarchaeology / Mary Lucas Powell [and Others] -- Behavior And The Bones / Osbjorn M. Pearson And Jane E. Buikstra -- A Brief History Of Paleodemography From Hooton To Hazards Analysis / Susan R. Frankenberg And Lyle W. Konigsberg -- A Post-neumann History Of Biological And Genetic Distance Studies In Bioarchaeology / Lyle W. Konigsberg -- The Evolution Of American Paleopathology / Della Collins Cook And Mary Lucas Powell -- The Dentist And The Archeologist : The Role Of Dental Anthropology In North American Bioarchaeology / Jerome C. Rose And Dolores L. Burke -- The Changing Face Of Bioarchaeology : An Interdisciplinary Science / Clark Spencer Larsen -- Mortuary Analysis And Bioarchaeology / Lynne Goldstein -- Repatriation And Bioarchaeology : Challenges And Opportunities / Jane E. Buikstra -- A View From Afar : Bioarchaeology In Britain / Charlotte A. Roberts. Edited By Jane E. Buikstra, Lane A. Beck. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 443-586) And Index. TeX output 2006.11.08:1044 Front cover 1 Bioarchaeology 4 Copyright page 5 Dedication 6 Table of contents 8 Contributors 12 Foreword 14 Preface 18 Acknowledgments 22 Section I: People and Projects: Early Landmarks in American Bioarchaeology 24 Introduction 24 Chapter 1. A Historical Introduction 30 I. BEFORE 1900: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD AND MUSEUMS AS EARLY RESEARCH CONTEXTS 30 II. HRDLICKA AND HOOTON: CONTEXTS AND CONTRASTS 44 Chapter 2. The Old Physical Anthropology and the New World: A Look at the Accomplishments of an Antiquated Paradigm 50 I. INTRODUCTION 51 II. JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH 1752–1840 52 III. SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON 1799–1851 57 IV. JOHN COLLINS WARREN 1778–1856 64 V. LATE 19TH-CENTURY CRANIOLOGY IN NORTH AMERICA 67 VI. ALEŠ HRDLICKA 1869–1943 71 VII. EARNEST ALBERT HOOTON 1887–1954 73 VIII. PAUL RIVET 1876–1958 78 IX. BRUNO OETTEKING 1871–1960 81 X. GEORG KARL NEUMANN 1907–1971 83 XI. GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG 90 XII. WHERE HAVE WE BEEN? 91 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 94 Chapter 3. The Changing Role of Skeletal Biology at the Smithsonian 96 I. INTRODUCTION 96 II. T. DALE STEWART 99 III. CURRENT ACTIVITY IN BIOARCHAEOLOGY 102 IV. REPATRIATION 102 V. SUMMARY 103 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 104 Chapter 4. Kidder, Hooton, Pecos, and the Birth of Bioarchaeology 106 I. INTRODUCTION 106 II. THE PECOS EXCAVATIONS 106 III. LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE PECOS COLLECTION 109 IV. HOOTON AND PECOS TODAY 117 Chapter 5. Hemenway, Hrdlicka, and Hawikku: A Historical Perspective on Bioarchaeological Research in the American Southwest 118 I. INTRODUCTION 118 II. THE HEMENWAY EXPEDITION AND THE U.S. ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM ( 1886 – 1888) 119 III. THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, AND THE MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 123 IV. 1930S AND 1940S: SELTZER, STEWART, AND SPUHLER 125 V. DISINTEGRATION: 1940S THROUGH 1960S 127 VI. A RESURGENCE: THE 1960S TO 1980S 127 VII. NEW INTERESTS AND CURRENT APPROACHES ( 1990S – PRESENT) 129 VIII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 131 Chapter 6. A New Deal for Human Osteology 136 I. INTRODUCTION 136 II. NEW DEAL PROJECTS 137 III. PROJECT PERSONNEL 139 IV. COLLECTIONS AND DOCUMENTATION 141 V. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 143 VI. LATER COLLECTIONS RESEARCH 150 VII. CONCLUSION 151 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 152 Chapter 7. Invisible Hands: Women in Bioarchaeology 154 I. INTRODUCTION; JANE E. BUIKSTRA 154 II. CORDELIA A. STUDLEY (1855–1887); DELLA COLLINS COOK 156 III. SUSANNA PEEL BOYLE-HAMILTON, M.D., C.M. ( 1869 – 1947); DELLA COLLINS COOK AND PATRICK D. HORNE 159 IV. JULIANE A. DILLENIUS (1884–1949); DELLA COLLINS COOK 162 V. MARIAN KNIGHT STECKEL (1889–1982); DELLA COLLINS COOK 163 VI. RUTH SAWTELL WALLIS (1895–1978); DELLA COLLINS COOK 166 VII. MILDRED TROTTER (1899–1991); DELLA COLLINS COOK, MARY LUCAS POWELL, AND JANE E. BUIKSTRA 169 VIII. MADELINE D. KNEBERG (1903–1996); LYNNE P. SULLIVAN 171 IX. KATHARINE BARTLETT (1907–2001); DELLA COLLINS COOK 177 X. ADELAIDE KENDALL BULLEN; MARY LUCAS POWELL 178 XI. GRETE MOSTNY (1912–1991); PATRICK D. HORNE AND MARIO CASTRO 183 XII. ALICE MOSSIE BRUES (1913–); MARY KAY SANDFORD AND GEORGIEANN BOGDAN 184 XIII. SHEILAGH THOMPSON BROOKS (1923–); MARY LUCAS POWELL, JOHN J. SWETNAM, AND DELLA COLLINS COOK 191 XIV. MARY FRANCES ERICKSEN (1925–); DELLA COLLINS COOK 196 XV. LOUISE ROBBINS (1928–1987); MARY LUCAS POWELL, DELLA COLLINS COOK, MARY KAY SANDFORD, AND GEORGIEANN BOGDAN 197 XVI. LUCILE E. ST. HOYME (1924–2001); DAVID R. HUNT, RICHARD T. KORITZER, AND MARY LUCAS POWELL 200 XVII. MARÍLIA CARVALHO DE MELLO E ALVIM ( 1931 – 1995); SHEILA FERRAZ MENDONÇA DE SOUZA AND DELLA COLLINS COOK 207 XVIII. LILIA MARIA CHEUICHE MACHADO ( 1936 – 2005); GLAUCIA APARECIDA MALERBA SENE AND SHEILA FERRAZ MENDONÇA DE SOUZA 210 XIX. AUDREY J. SUBLETT (1937–1977); LORRAINE P. SAUNDERS 212 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 217 Section II: Emerging Specialties 218 Introduction 218 Chapter 8. Behavior and the Bones 230 I. INTRODUCTION 230 II. ROOTS 231 III. INTERPRETING PREHISTORIC PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY 234 IV. CONCLUSIONS 247 Chapter 9. A Brief History of Paleodemography from Hooton to Hazards Analysis 250 I. INTRODUCTION 250 II. THE HOOTONIAN PALEODEMOGRAPHIC LEGACY 251 III. THE DOLDRUMS PRIOR TO THE ADOPTION OF LIFE TABLES IN PALEODEMOGRAPHY 258 IV. LIONIZATION OF THE LIFE TABLE 259 V. THE PROBLEM OF NONZERO GROWTH RATES 260 VI. ADIEU TO PALEODEMOGRAPHY? 263 VII. HAZARDS ANALYSIS: THE DEATH OF THE LIFE TABLE IN PALEODEMOGRAPHY? 264 VIII. IS MEAN AGE-AT-DEATH A MEASURE OF MORTALITY IN NONSTATIONARY POPULATIONS? 270 IX. CAN WE EXPECT MORE FROM PALEODEMOGRAPHY? 272 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 277 Appendix 278 I. INTRODUCTION 278 II. MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF HAZARD MODEL PARAMETERS 278 III. EXTRACTING SUMMARY MEASURES FROM HAZARD MODELS 280 IV. FITTING A HAZARD MODEL WITH A KNOWN NONZERO GROWTH RATE 281 V. EFFECT OF AN UNKNOWN GROWTH RATE ON ESTIMATION OF HAZARD PARAMETERS 281 VI. CONTINGENCY TABLE PALEODEMOGRAPHY 282 Chapter 10. A Post-Neumann History of Biological and Genetic Distance Studies in Bioarchaeology 286 I. INTRODUCTION 286 II. THE END OF THE BEGINNING 287 III. THE RISE OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS: DEVELOPMENT OR MIGRATION OF PEOPLE? 289 IV. EXAMINING LOCAL MIGRATION 291 V. EXAMINING TEMPORAL VARIATION 293 VI. POPULATION GENETICS AND BIODISTANCE 294 VII. THE RESHAPING OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS AND THE DAWN OF ANCIENT DNA 298 Appendix 300 I. FROM MARITAL MIGRATION TO UNEQUAL VARIANCES BY SEX 300 II. FROM D2 TO “R” AND BACK AGAIN 301 Chapter 11. The Evolution of American Paleopathology 304 I. INTRODUCTION 304 II. DEFORMED CRANIA AND ANCIENT SYPHILIS: THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN PALEOPATHOLOGY 307 III. THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY 315 IV. LATER 20TH CENTURY 322 V. AMERICAN PALEOPATHOLOGY AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY 326 VI. TEXTS AND PROFESSIONALIZATION 327 VII. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND INTERPRETATION IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 328 VIII. TUBERCULOSIS: A FERTILE FIELD FOR MOLECULAR PALEOPATHOLOGY 330 IX. SYPHILIS: A BROADER VIEW OF DIAGNOSTIC ALTERNATIVES 331 X. DEVELOPMENTAL STRESS MARKERS AND THE “OSTEOLOGICAL PARADOX”: CRITICAL REEVALUATIONS OF ACCEPTED INTERPRETATIONS 333 XI. MULTIPLE MARKERS AND AN INDEX OF HEALTH IN THE PAST 336 XII. TRAUMA AND ITS CULTURAL MEANINGS 337 XIII. QUINCENTENNIAL 339 XIV. AMERICAN PALEOPATHOLOGY AT THE MILLENNIUM: PROFESSIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL IN NATURE 340 XV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 344 Chapter 12. The Dentist and the Archaeologist: The Role of Dental Anthropology in North American Bioarchaeology 346 I. INTRODUCTION 346 II. CLASSIFICATORY–DESCRIPTIVE 1840–1914 350 III. CLASSIFICATORY–HISTORICAL 1914–1940 354 IV. CONTEXTUAL–FUNCTIONAL 1940–1960 357 V. MODERN 1960–TODAY 360 VI. CONCLUSIONS 368 Section III: On to the 21st Century 370 Introduction 370 Chapter 13. The Changing Face of Bioarchaeology: An Interdisciplinary Science 382 I. INTRODUCTION 382 II. THE SCOPE OF BIOARCHAEOLOGY 383 III. AREAS OF BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL INQUIRY 384 IV. THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE OF BIOARCHAEOLOGY 395 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 396 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 397 Chapter 14. Mortuary Analysis and Bioarchaeology 398 I. INTRODUCTION 398 II. CURRENT BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH DIRECTIONS IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 399 III. CURRENT MORTUARY RESEARCH DIRECTIONS IN ARCHAEOLOGY 402 IV. TOWARD AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH 406 Chapter 15. Repatriation and Bioarchaeology: Challenges and Opportunities 412 I. NATIVE AMERICANS, BURIALS, AND COLLECTIONS BEFORE 1989 412 II. FEDERAL REPATRIATION LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES: NMAIA AND NAGPRA 419 III. CANADA: COLLABORATION AND COMMUNITY CONTROL 431 IV. BIOARCHAEOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: CONSEQUENCES OF NAGPRA/ NMAIA 435 Chapter 16. A View from Afar: Bioarchaeology in Britain 440 I. INTRODUCTION 440 II. DEFINITIONS 441 III. THE STUDY OF BIOARCHAEOLOGY IN BRITAIN TO THE 1950S 442 IV. THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY 446 V. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE PROGRESS OF BIOARCHAEOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE IN BRITAIN ( LATE 20TH CENTURY TO DATE) 453 VI. THE FUTURE FOR BIOARCHAEOLOGY IN BRITAIN 460 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 462 Glossary of Acronyms 464 Bibliography 466 Index 610 A historical introduction / Jane E. Buikstra The old physical anthropology and the New World : a look at the accomplishments of an antiquated paradigm / Della Collins Cook The changing role of skeletal biology at the Smithsonian / Douglas H. Ubelaker Kidder, Hooton, Pecos and the birth of bioarchaeology / Lane Anderson Beck Hemenway, Hrdlička, and Hawikku : a historical perspective on bioarchaeological research in the American Southwest / Gordon F.M. Rakita A new deal for human osteology / George R. Milner and Keith P. Jacobi Invisible hands : women in bioarchaeology / Mary Lucas Powell ... [et al.] Behavior and the bones / Osbjorn M. Pearson and Jane E. Buikstra A brief history of paleodemography from Hooton to hazards analysis / Susan R. Frankenberg and Lyle W. Konigsberg A post-Neumann history of biological and genetic distance studies in bioarchaeology / Lyle W. Konigsberg The evolution of American paleopathology / Della Collins Cook and Mary Lucas Powell The dentist and the archeologist : the role of dental anthropology in North American bioarchaeology / Jerome C. Rose and Dolores L. Burke The changing face of bioarchaeology : an interdisciplinary science / Clark Spencer Larsen Mortuary analysis and bioarchaeology / Lynne Goldstein Repatriation and bioarchaeology : challenges and opportunities / Jane E. Buikstra A view from afar : bioarchaeology in Britain / Charlotte A. Roberts.