Bio-nano interface : applications in food, healthcare and sustainability

"This book discusses the unique interactions of nanoparticles with various biomolecules under different environmental conditions. It describes the consequences of these interactions on other biological aspects like flora and fauna of the niche, cell proliferation, etc. The book provides information about the novel and eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis methods, such as continuous synthesis of nanoparticles using microbial cells. Additionally, the book discusses nanoparticles' potential impact in different areas of biological sciences like food, medicine, agriculture, and the environment. Due to their advanced physicochemical properties, nanoparticles have revolutionized biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. Inside the biological milieu, nanoparticles interact with different moieties to adopt stable shape, size, and surface functionalities and form nano-biomolecular complexes. The interaction pattern at the interface form complexes determines the fate of interacting biomolecules and nanoparticles inside the biological system. Understanding the interaction pattern at the nano-bio interface is crucial for the safe use of nanoparticles in natural sciences. This book rightly addresses all questions about the interaction and the ensuing structure and function of these nano-biomolecular complexes. This book caters to students and researchers in the area of biotechnology, microbiology, and pharmaceutical sciences"--Back cover Preface Contents About the Editors 1: Impact of Isotropic and Anisotropic Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles on Healthcare and Food Safety Management 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Synthetic Strategies for Metal Nanoparticles 1.3 Physico-Chemical Properties of Nanoparticles and their Impact on BiologicalMilieu 1.4 Applications of AuNPs in Healthcare 1.5 Gold Nanoparticles as a Probe for Detecting Contaminants/Adulterants in Food 1.6 Application of Silver Nanoparticles in Healthcare 1.7 Silver Nanoparticles as a Probe for Detecting Contaminants/Adulterants in Food 1.8 Application of Platinum Nanoparticles in Healthcare 1.9 Platinum Nanoparticles as a Probe for Detecting Contaminants/Adulterants in Food 1.10 Conclusion References 2: An Introduction to Different Methods of Nanoparticles Synthesis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Physical Method for Synthesis of Nanoparticle 2.2.1 High Energy Ball Milling 2.2.2 Inert Gas Condensation 2.2.3 Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) 2.2.3.1 Sputtering 2.2.3.2 Electron Beam Evaporation (EBE) 2.2.3.3 Laser Ablation (LA) and Pulse Laser Deposition (PLD) 2.2.3.4 Vacuum Arc (VA) 2.2.4 Laser Pyrolysis 2.2.5 Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP) 2.2.6 Electrospraying Technique 2.2.7 Melt Mixing Technique 2.3 Chemical Method for Synthesis of Nanoparticle 2.3.1 Sol-Gel Methods 2.3.2 Micro-emulsion Technique 2.3.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis 2.3.4 Polyol Synthesis 2.3.5 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CPD) 2.3.6 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) 2.4 Biological Method for Synthesis of Nanoparticle 2.4.1 Biogenic Synthesis Using Microorganisms 2.4.2 Biomolecules as Templates to Design Nanoparticles 2.4.3 Biogenic Synthesis Using Plant Extracts 2.5 Conclusion References 3: Classification, Synthesis and Application of Nanoparticles Against Infectious Diseases 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification of Nanoparticles 3.2.1 Dimensionality 3.2.2 Morphology 3.2.3 Composition 3.2.4 Agglomeration and Uniformity 3.3 Classification Based on Different Types of Nanomaterials 3.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 3.3.2 Metal Oxide and Metal Nanoparticles 3.3.3 Organic Nanoparticles 3.3.4 Carbon Nanoparticles 3.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 3.4.1 Top-Down Method 3.4.2 Bottom-Up Method 3.5 Physical Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles 3.5.1 Mechanical Milling/Ball Milling of Nanoparticles 3.5.2 Laser Ablation 3.5.3 Sputtering 3.6 Chemical Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles 3.6.1 Sol-Gel Technique 3.6.2 Micro-Emulsion Technique 3.6.3 Electrochemical Technique 3.7 Green Synthesis Approaches for Synthesis of Nanoparticles 3.8 Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Bacteria 3.9 Application of Nanoparticles 3.9.1 Nanoparticles as Novel Antibiotics 3.9.2 Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Agents Against Infectious Diseases 3.10 Conclusion References 4: Nanotechnology in Food Science 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Nanotechnology 4.2.1 Types of Nanotechnology 4.2.1.1 Wet Nanotechnology 4.2.1.2 Dry Nanotechnology 4.2.1.3 Computational Nanotechnology 4.3 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 4.4 Nanotechnology Against Food Deterioration 4.5 Nanotechnology for Food Storage 4.6 Nanotechnology in Food Pathogen Detection 4.6.1 Gold NPs 4.6.2 Magnetic NPs 4.6.3 Biosensors 4.7 Implication and Perspective 4.8 Conclusion References 5: Facets of Nanotechnology in Food Processing, Packaging and Safety: An Emerald Insight 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Nanoparticles 5.2.1 Organic Nanoparticles 5.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles (INP) 5.3 Nanoclays (NCS) 5.4 Nanoemulsions (NES) 5.5 Preparation and Factor Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 5.6 Characterization of Nanoparticles 5.7 Nanotechnology in Food Microbiology 5.8 Nanoencapsulation and Microencapsulation 5.9 Nanoemulsions and Microemulsions 5.10 Nanofood Market 5.11 Food Processing Using Nanotechnology 5.12 Packaging Techniques Using Nanotechnology 5.12.1 Nano-Coatings 5.12.2 Nanolaminates 5.12.3 Nano Crystal 5.12.4 Nanomaterials 5.12.5 Biobased Packaging 5.12.6 Smart Packaging 5.13 Role of Nanosensor in Food Safety 5.14 Future Trends and Perspectives of Nanotechnology References 6: Nanotechnology and Its Potential Application in Postharvest Technology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nanomaterials 6.3 Properties of Nanomaterial 6.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticle 6.4 Applications of Nanotechnology 6.4.1 For the Control of Disease and Pest in Plants 6.4.2 For Detecting Plant Diseases 6.4.3 For the Control of Plant Diseases 6.5 Use of Nanoparticles to Control the Plant Diseases 6.5.1 Nano-Agriculture 6.5.2 Silver Nanoparticles 6.5.3 Nano Sensors 6.5.4 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 6.5.5 Nanoemulsion 6.5.6 Precision Farming 6.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) 6.6.1 Sensor Technologies 6.6.2 Geographic Information System 6.6.3 Grid Soil Sampling and Variable-Rate Fertilizer (VRT) 6.6.4 Rate Controllers 6.6.5 Yield Monitor 6.6.6 Nano-Biofarming 6.7 Nano Formulation in Packing and Quality of Food 6.7.1 Nanotechnology for Food Packaging 6.7.2 Nanoencapsulation 6.8 Safety of Nano-Packaging Material 6.9 Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials 6.10 Postharvest Food Processing 6.11 Conclusion 6.12 Future Prospective References 7: Nanotechnology Mediated Detection and Control of Phytopathogens 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 7.3 Early Detection of Phytopathogens Using Nanoparticles 7.3.1 Action of Nanoparticles against Phytopathogens 7.3.1.1 Plant Disease Cycle 7.3.1.2 Host Pathogen Interaction 7.3.1.3 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 7.3.1.4 Mode of Action 7.4 Nanoparticles in Controlling Phytopathogens 7.4.1 Nanoparticles Acting as Protectant 7.4.1.1 Ag Nanoparticle 7.4.1.2 Cu Nanoparticle 7.4.1.3 Zn Nanoparticle 7.4.2 Nanoparticles Acting as Carrier 7.4.2.1 Chitosan Nanoparticle 7.4.2.2 Silica Nanoparticle 7.4.2.3 Titanium Nanoparticle 7.5 Nanopesticides 7.6 Insecticides 7.7 Fungicides 7.8 Herbicide 7.9 Conclusion References 8: Nanosystems for Cancer Therapy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Physiological Hindrances to Tumor-Specific Delivery 8.3 Targeting Cancer Cells with Nanosystems 8.3.1 Active Nanosystems 8.3.2 Passive Targeting Systems 8.4 Future Directions References 9: Phytoplankton Mediated Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Different Phytoplankton Mediated Nanoparticles 9.2.1 Diatoms 9.2.2 Coccolithophores 9.2.3 Cyanobacteria 9.3 Strategies for Development of Phytoplankton Mediated Nanodrug Formulation for Cancer Therapy 9.3.1 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 9.3.2 Diatom Nanocarriers for Systemic Drug Delivery 9.3.3 Green Carbon Nanotags for Anticancer Drug Delivery 9.4 Possible Future Strategies of Nanoformulation of Anticancer Drugs Isolated from Phytoplankton in Cancer Drug Development 9.5 Scope of Commercialization for Nanodrug Formulation for Cancer Therapy 9.6 Limitations of Phytoplankton Mediated Nanoparticles 9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 10: Nanotechnology and Its Potential Implications in Ovary Cancer 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Possible Risk Factors Associated with Ovary Cancer 10.2.1 Age 10.2.2 Genetics 10.2.3 Family History 10.2.4 Ethnicity 10.2.5 Reproductive History 10.2.6 Gynaecological Factors 10.2.7 Hormone Replacement Therapy 10.2.8 Lifestyle Factors 10.3 Current Therapeutic Approach to Ovary Cancer 10.4 Nanotechnology and Its Implications in Ovary Cancer 10.4.1 Nanoformulations in Drug Delivery for Chemotherapy 10.4.2 Nanotechnology in Biomarker Discovery in Ovarian Cancer 10.4.3 Nanotechnology in Imaging Approach in Ovarian Cancer 10.4.4 Nanotechnology in Receptor Targeting in Ovary Cancer 10.5 Conclusion References 11: Nanotechnology: An Emerging Field in Protein Aggregation and Cancer Therapeutics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nanoparticle-Mediated Applications in Biology and Medicine 11.2.1 Nanoparticles in Biosensor 11.2.2 Nanoparticles in Bioimaging 11.2.3 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 11.3 Nanoparticle-Protein Interaction and Protein Aggregation 11.3.1 Nanoparticles in Type II Diabetes Mellitus 11.3.2 Nanoparticles in Parkinson ́s Disease 11.3.3 Nanoparticles in Alzheimer ́s Disease 11.3.4 Nanoparticles in Tauopathy Disease 11.4 Nanoparticle in Cancer 11.4.1 Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis 11.4.2 Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapeutics 11.5 Conclusion References 12: Bio-nano Interface and Its Potential Application in Alzheimer ́s Disease 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Pathogenesis 12.2.1 Amyloid Plaques 12.2.2 Neurofibrillary Tangles 12.2.3 Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) 12.3 Nanotechnology Used in AD Detection 12.3.1 Iron Oxide NPs 12.3.2 Gold NPs 12.3.3 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy System 12.3.4 Two Photon Rayleigh Spectroscopy 12.4 Nanotechnology in the Treatment of AD 12.4.1 Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) 12.4.2 Nanogels and Fullerene 12.4.3 Diamandoid and Its Derivative 12.4.4 Curcumin Loaded Nanoparticle 12.4.5 Acetylcholine Loaded (ACh) Nano Carrier 12.4.6 Hormone Loaded Nano carrier 12.4.7 Polyphenol Drugs Loaded NPs 12.4.8 Zinc Chelators 12.4.9 Dendrimers 12.4.10 Antioxidant Nano Carrier 12.4.11 Gene Nano Carrier 12.5 Limitation of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of AD 12.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective References 13: Potential of Curcumin Nanoparticles in Tuberculosis Management 13.1 A Brief Introduction of Tuberculosis 13.2 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis 13.3 Nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 13.4 Mode of Transmission and Its Risk Factors 13.5 Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 13.6 Symptoms of Tuberculosis 13.7 Susceptibility and Resistance Form of TB and Their Drugs 13.7.1 Latent TB 13.7.2 Active TB 13.7.3 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 13.7.4 Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB) 13.7.5 Different Antibiotics Regimen Are Used to Treat Antibiotic Sensitive and Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (Table 13.1) 13.8 Plants Are the Possible Sources to Anti-mycobacterial Agent 13.9 Curcumin Plays a Key Role in Tuberculosis Disease 13.10 Nanoparticle Used as Anti-tubercular Agents 13.11 Synthesis of Curcumin Nanoparticles That Are Used in TB 13.12 Importance and Advantages of Curcumin Nanoparticle in TB 13.13 Application of Curcumin Nanoparticle 13.14 Conclusion References 14: Application of Nanobiosensor in Health Care Sector 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Use of NanoBiosensor for Detection of Cancer 14.2.1 Prostate Cancer 14.2.2 Lungs Cancer 14.2.3 Breast Cancer 14.2.4 Brain Cancer 14.2.5 Pancreatic Cancer 14.3 Use of Nanobiosensor for Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria 14.3.1 Detection of Escherichia coli 14.3.2 Detection of Salmonella 14.3.3 Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 14.3.4 Detection of Staphylococcus aureus 14.3.5 Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14.4 Conclusion and Future Aspects References 15: Bioactive Nanoparticles: A Next Generation Smart Nanomaterials for Pollution Abatement and Ecological Sustainability 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Nanomaterials as Environmental Pollutants 15.2.1 Monitoring of Nanowastes in Environment 15.3 Bio-nanomaterials as a Degradable Smart Option in Pollution Abatement 15.3.1 Bioactive Nanoparticles for Water Pollution 15.3.2 Bio-nanomaterials as a Degradable Smart Option in Air Pollution 15.4 Challenges in Synthesis of Bioactive Nanomaterials 15.4.1 Green Synthesis from Enzymes and Vitamins 15.4.2 Green Synthesis Using Bacteria, Yeasts, Algae, Fungi and Actinomycetes 15.4.3 Green Synthesis Using Plants and Phytochemicals 15.5 Future Prospective of Bioactive Nanomaterials in Pollution Abatement 15.6 Conclusion References 16: Smart Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Applications: An Overview 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers in Bioimaging and Drug Delivery 16.2.1 Carbon Nanotube as Imaging Agents 16.2.2 Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles as Imaging Agents 16.2.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 16.2.4 Quantum Dots in Imaging 16.3 Multifunctional Composite Nanoparticles 16.3.1 Graphene 16.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 16.3.3 Layered Double Hydroxides 16.4 Graphene Based Bioimaging 16.4.1 Role in Fluorescence Imaging in Biological Tissues 16.4.2 Implication in the Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging 16.4.3 Effect in the Radionuclide Based Bioimaging 16.4.4 Significance in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 16.4.5 Effect in the Photoacoustic Imaging 16.4.6 Multimodal Imaging Applications 16.5 Conclusion References 17: Biology of Earthworm in the World of Nanomaterials: New Room, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Biology of Earthworms 17.2.1 Earthworm: The Golden Decomposer 17.3 Exposure and Bioaccumulation of Nanoparticles in Earthworm 17.4 Toxicity of Nanoparticles to Earthworm 17.4.1 Toxicity at Gene Level/Molecular Level (Genotoxicity) 17.4.2 Toxicity at the Cellular Level (Cytotoxicity) 17.4.3 Toxicity at the Tissue Level 17.4.4 Toxicity at the Individual Level 17.4.5 Toxicity at the Population Level 17.5 Earthworm as Nanoscavenger 17.5.1 Coelomocytes in Nanoscavenging Activity 17.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 18: Bioethanol Production from Agricultural Wastes with the Aid of Nanotechnology 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Types of Agricultural Wastes Used for Bioethanol 18.3 Nanotechnology in the Field of Bioethanol 18.3.1 Nanomaterials in the Processing of Raw Materials 18.3.2 Nanotechnology in the Bioethanol Fermentation 18.4 Conclusion and Future Aspects References 19: Nanotechnology for Sustainable Bioenergy Production 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Nanomaterials and Its Properties 19.3 Nanotechnology in Bioethanol Production 19.4 Interaction of Nanomaterials with Biomass 19.4.1 Biofuel 19.5 Applications of Nanotechnology in Bioenergy 19.5.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles to Pretreat Lignocellulosic Biomass 19.5.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles to Pretreat Microalgae Biomass 19.5.3 Biodiesel Blended in Nano-additives 19.5.4 Bio-Electrochemical Systems 19.5.5 Nanotechnology in Biogas Production 19.6 Safety Issues 19.7 Conclusion References