Bio-Management of Postharvest Diseases and Mycotoxigenic Fungi

There is an ever-increasing demand for more food but one of the stumbling blocks to achieving this goal is quality and quantity losses due to various pests and pathogens and the mycotoxins synthesized by these harmful biotic entities. Thus far, strategies employed to manage these post-harvest diseases and mycotoxins decontamination include established physical, cultural, and chemical methods. Recently, the application of chemicals to reduce decay and deterioration caused by various pathogens has been impeded as these hazardous chemicals contaminate the environment, enter the food chain, and destroy beneficial microorganisms and pests by aiming at non-target microorganisms. In light of this, the usage of eco-friendly and non-polluting alternatives to chemical pesticides is the call of the hour. Bio-management of Postharvest Diseases and Mycotoxigenic Fungi deals with the current state and future prospects of using various bio-management techniques that are natural, eco-friendly, and environmentally safe. It aims to increase awareness of their potential as well as sensitizing readers to the various aspects of biologicals in pest control. Key Features: Highlights classical versus new techniques adopted to manage postharvest diseases Discusses novel approaches in managing fungal spoilage and mycotoxin decontamination Provides readers with a 360-degree perspective of the pre- and post-harvest quality mycotoxin decontamination research being conducted Details proposals of new ideas to ensure a food secure and pesticide-free world This book disseminates notable and diversified scientific work carried out by leading experts in their own field. Written by qualified scientists in each of their respective disciplines, it can serve as a current and comprehensive treatise on the emerging field of bio-management of postharvest diseases and mycotoxin decontamination by products that are "generally regarded as safe." Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Series Page......Page 3 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 8 Preface......Page 10 Acknowledgments......Page 12 Editors......Page 14 Contributors......Page 16 1.1 Introduction and Background......Page 18 1.2 Advent of Microbiomes in Postharvest Biological Control......Page 19 1.3.3 Postharvest “Biocontrol Genes”?......Page 20 1.4 Conclusion......Page 21 References......Page 22 Chapter 2 Managing Postharvest Diseases: Classical versus New Technologies......Page 24 2.2 Postharvest/Market Pathology......Page 25 2.3 Types of Food Spoilage......Page 26 2.4.2 Contact infections......Page 27 2.5 Factors Affecting Food Spoilage......Page 28 2.5.2 Intrinsic Factors......Page 29 2.6 Enormity of Postharvest Losses......Page 30 2.7 Food Security: An Urgent Need......Page 31 2.9 Chemicals: A Hazardous Threat......Page 32 2.11.1 Prevention of Injury......Page 33 2.11.3 Disinfection......Page 35 2.11.5 Heat Treatments......Page 36 2.12.1 GRAS Agents......Page 37 2.12.1.1 Salts......Page 38 2.12.1.2 Organic Acids......Page 39 2.13 Electrolyzed Water......Page 42 2.14 Chitosan......Page 43 2.15 Essential Oils......Page 44 2.16 Plant-derived Products......Page 45 2.17 Coatings and Edible Film from Natural Sources......Page 46 2.18 Radiation......Page 50 2.20 Fogging......Page 51 2.21 Biological Control......Page 52 2.22 Modified or Controlled Atmospheres......Page 53 2.23 Nanotechnology......Page 54 2.24 Cold Plasma Technology......Page 55 2.25.1 Combining GRAS with Other Treatments......Page 56 2.25.3 Combination of Ultrasound with Other Treatments......Page 58 2.25.4 Combining Hot Water with Other Treatments......Page 59 2.25.5 Nanotechnology and Edible Coatings......Page 60 2.26 Non-polluting Integrated Disease Management......Page 61 References......Page 62 3.1 Introduction......Page 74 3.3 Effect of Fruit Coatings to Extend the Storage Life of Perishables......Page 75 3.5 Mode of Action of Chitosan......Page 76 3.6.1 Safety of Chitosan for Application in Fruits and Vegetables......Page 77 3.6.3 Chitosan-based Composite Coating......Page 78 3.6.4.2 Biochemical Defense Response in Postharvest Studies......Page 79 3.6.6.1 Antifungal/Fungicidal Activity of Chitosan in Reducing Pre- and Postharvest Diseases......Page 80 3.6.6.3 Antiviral Activity of Chitosan in Reducing Pre- and Postharvest Diseases......Page 81 References......Page 82 4.1 Introduction......Page 88 4.2 Edible Coatings......Page 89 4.3 Desired Properties of Edible Coatings......Page 90 4.4.1 Polysaccharides......Page 91 4.4.6 Wax-based Emulsion Coatings......Page 93 4.5.1 Yeast Containing Bioactive Coatings......Page 94 4.6 Nanoformulations......Page 96 4.9 Conclusion......Page 98 References......Page 101 Chapter 5 Non-chemical Management of Postharvest Diseases of Mango......Page 106 5.1 Introduction......Page 107 5.2.2 Epidemiology......Page 108 5.2.3.2 Postharvest Measures......Page 109 5.3.1 Disease Symptoms......Page 110 5.5 Other Fruit Rots......Page 111 5.5.6 Charcoal Rot......Page 112 5.5.13 Rhizoctonia Rot......Page 113 5.5.20 Yeasty Rot......Page 114 References......Page 115 6.1 Introduction......Page 120 6.2 Essential Oils and Functions of Their Active Constituents......Page 121 6.3 Potency of Essential Oils against Storage Fungi......Page 124 6.4 Effectiveness of Essential Oils in Food Safeguarding......Page 125 6.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 131 References......Page 132 7.1 Introduction......Page 138 7.2 Pesticides in Use......Page 139 7.3 Resistance to Chemicals......Page 140 7.4 Biopesticides: A Possible Alternative......Page 141 7.5.1 Bacteria......Page 142 7.5.2 Fungi......Page 144 7.5.3 Viral Biopesticides......Page 147 7.6 Mode of infection......Page 148 7.6.2 Fungi......Page 150 7.6.3 Viruses......Page 151 7.7 Resistance to Microbials......Page 152 7.8 Benefits of Microbial Biopesticides......Page 154 7.10 Future Perspectives......Page 155 References......Page 157 8.1 Introduction......Page 162 8.2.2 Repellent......Page 163 8.2.4 Toxicants......Page 164 8.3.1 Synthetics Used for Pest Management......Page 165 8.3.2 Botanicals Used for Pest Management......Page 166 8.4 Essential Oils for the Management of Stored Grain Insect Pests......Page 167 8.5 Challenges to the Utilization of Plant-based Pesticides......Page 170 References......Page 171 9.1 Introduction......Page 178 9.2 Mycotoxins......Page 179 9.2.1 Aspergillus Toxins: Aflatoxins......Page 182 9.2.1.1 Other Aspergillus Toxins: Ochratoxin......Page 184 9.2.2.3 Patulin......Page 185 9.2.3.2 Cytochalasins......Page 186 9.2.4.1 Fusarium Toxins......Page 187 9.3.1 Preharvest Management......Page 188 9.3.3 Postharvest Management......Page 189 References......Page 191 10.1 Introduction......Page 198 10.3 Toxicology of Patulin......Page 199 10.4 Occurrence of Patulin in Apple Fruit and Its Derived Products......Page 202 10.5 Effect of Postharvest Fungicide Application on Decay and Patulin Levels in Apples......Page 205 10.6 Biocontrol Microbes as Antagonistic Agents and Potential Patulin Decontaminants......Page 206 10.7 Improving the Performance and Stability of Antagonistic Yeasts in Patulin Reduction......Page 207 10.8 Mechanisms for Antagonistic Yeast Action in Patulin Reduction......Page 209 References......Page 211 11.1 Introduction......Page 220 11.2.1 Aspergillus and Aflatoxins......Page 222 11.2.2.2 Penicillic Acid......Page 223 11.2.3.1 Tenuazonic Acid......Page 224 11.2.3.3 Trichothecenes......Page 225 11.4 Rationale to Consider Natural Resources......Page 226 11.5.1.1 Aflatoxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxins......Page 227 11.5.2 Essential Oils......Page 229 11.5.2.1 Control of Aflatoxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxins......Page 230 11.5.2.3 Control of Fumonisin-producing Fungi and Fumonisin......Page 232 11.6 Perspectives for Using Plant Products in Active Packaging......Page 233 References......Page 234 12.1 Introduction......Page 240 12.2 Differences between Strains of Aspergillus......Page 241 12.4.1.1 General Physical Methods......Page 242 12.4.2.2 Fungicides and Fumigants......Page 243 12.4.3.2 Yeasts......Page 244 12.4.3.3 Non-toxigenic Aspergillus Strains......Page 245 12.7 Effect of Medicinal Plants on Aflatoxin-producing Fungi......Page 246 12.8 Biotechnological Approaches......Page 247 References......Page 248 Chapter 13 Nano Magic Bullets: An Ecofriendly Approach to Managing Plant Diseases......Page 252 13.2 A Way out of This Crisis......Page 253 13.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles......Page 254 13.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes......Page 255 13.5.2 Nano-copper......Page 256 13.5.5 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles......Page 257 13.5.6 Nanosilver......Page 258 13.5.8 Other Nanoparticles......Page 259 13.5.12 Nanoparticles and RNAi......Page 260 13.5.13 Green Nanoparticles......Page 261 13.6.1 Action of Nanoparticles Mediated ROS Toxicity......Page 264 13.6.2 Genotoxic Effects of NPs......Page 265 13.7 Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture......Page 266 13.7.3 Nanoformulations of Pesticides......Page 268 13.7.4 Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials......Page 269 13.7.5 Antiviral Activity of Nanoparticles......Page 270 13.9 Epilogue......Page 271 13.9.1 Points to Ponder......Page 272 References......Page 273 14.1 Introduction......Page 282 14.3 Losses Due to Mycotoxin Contamination......Page 283 14.5 Strategies to Manage Food Spoilage and Mycotoxins......Page 284 14.6 Why Use Plasma Technology?......Page 286 14.7 How Plasma Works......Page 288 14.8 Mechanism of Mycotoxin Degradation......Page 290 14.9.1 Fruits and Vegetables......Page 291 14.9.3 Action of Plasma on Herbs and Spices......Page 292 14.10 Effect on Packing Material......Page 293 14.11 Mycotoxins Degradation by Plasma......Page 294 14.12 Limitations and Toxicology of Plasma Treatment......Page 296 14.13 Future Perspectives......Page 297 References......Page 298 Index......Page 304 "There is an ever-increasing demand for more food but one of the stumbling blocks to achieving this goal is quality and quantity losses due to various pests and pathogens and the mycotoxins synthesized by these harmful biotic entities. Thus far, strategies employed to manage these post-harvest diseases and mycotoxins decontamination include established physical, cultural, and chemical methods. Recently, the application of chemicals to reduce decay and deterioration caused by various pathogens has been impeded as these hazardous chemicals contaminate the environment, enter the food chain, and destroy beneficial microorganisms and pests by aiming at non-target microorganisms. In light of this, the usage of eco-friendly and non-polluting alternatives to chemical pesticides is the call of the hour. Bio-management of Postharvest Diseases and Mycotoxigenic Fungi deals with the current state and future prospects of using various bio-management techniques that are natural, eco-friendly, and environmentally safe. It aims to increase awareness of their potential as well as sensitizing readers to the various aspects of biologicals in pest control. This book disseminates notable and diversified scientific work carried out by leading experts in their own field. Written by qualified scientists in each of their respective disciplines, it can serve as a current and comprehensive treatise on the emerging field of bio-management of postharvest diseases and mycotoxin decontamination by products that are "generally regarded as safe.""-- Provided by publisher This book deals with bio-management techniques for managing postharvest diseases and mycotoxin decontamination that are natural, eco-friendly, and environmentally safe. postharvest,disease;,mycotoxins;,environment;,food,security;,bio-management;,decontamination;,pesticides;,microorganisms postharvest disease,mycotoxins,environment,food security,bio-management,decontamination,pesticides,microorganisms This book deals with the current state and future prospects of using various bio-management techniques that are natural, eco-friendly, and environmentally safe. It aims to increase awareness of their potential as well as sensitizing the readers to the various aspects of biologicals in pest control.