Binary Bullets: The Ethics Of Cyberwarfare Ethics Of Cyberwarfare University Press Scholarship Online

Philosophical and ethical discussions of warfare are often tied to emerging technologies and techniques. Today we are presented with what many believe is a radical shift in the nature of war-the realization of conflict in the cyber-realm, the so-called "fifth domain" of warfare. Does an aggressive act in the cyber-realm constitute an act of war? If so, what rules should govern such warfare? Are the standard theories of just war capable of analyzing and assessing this mode of conflict? These changing circumstances present us with a series of questions demanding serious attention. Is there such a thing as cyberwarfare? How do the existing rules of engagement and theories from the just war tradition apply to cyberwarfare? How should we assess a cyber-attack conducted by a state agency against private enterprise and vice versa? Furthermore, how should actors behave in the cyber-realm? Are there ethical norms that can be applied to the cyber-realm? Are the classic just war constraints of non-combatant immunity and proportionality possible in this realm? Especially given the idea that events that are constrained within the cyber-realm do not directly physically harm anyone, what do traditional ethics of war conventions say about this new space? These questions strike at the very center of contemporary intellectual discussion over the ethics of war. In twelve original essays, plus a foreword from John Arquilla and an introduction, __Binary Bullets: The Ethics of Cyberwarfare__, engages these questions head on with contributions from the top scholars working in this field today. Philosophical And Ethical Discussions Of Warfare Are Often Tied To Emerging Technologies And Techniques. Today We Are Presented With What Many Believe Is A Radical Shift In The Nature Of War-the Realization Of Conflict In The Cyberrealm, The So-called Fifth Domain Of Warfare. Does An Aggressive Act In The Cyberrealm Constitute An Act Of War? If So, What Rules Should Govern Such Warfare? Are The Standard Theories Of Just War Capable Of Analyzing And Assessing This Mode Of Conflict? Upon Short Reflection, These Changing Circumstances Present Us With A Series Of Questions Demanding Serious Attention. Is There Such A Thing As Cyberwarfare? How Do The Existing Rules Of Engagement And Theories From The Just War Tradition Apply To Cyberwarfare? Foundational Norms For Cyberwarfare -- Emerging Norms For Cyberwarfare / George R. Lucas, Jr -- The Emergence Of International Legal Norms For Cyber-conflict / Michael N. Schmitt And Liis Vihul -- Distinctive Ethical Issues Of Cyberwarfare / Randall R. Dipert -- Cyberwarfare And The Just War Tradition -- Cyber Chevauchées: Cyber War Can Happen / David Whetham -- Cyberwarfare As Ideal War / Ryan Jenkins -- Post-cyber: Dealing With The Aftermath Of Cyber-attacks / Brian Orend -- Ethos Of Cyberwarfare -- Beyond Tallinn: The Code Of The Cyber-warrior? / Matthew Beard -- Immune From Cyber-fire? The Psychological & Physiological Effects Of Cyberwarfare / Daphna Canetti, Michael L. Gross, & Israel Waismel-manor -- Beyond Machines: Humans In Cyber Operations, Espionage, And Conflict / David Danks And Joseph H. Danks -- Cyberwarfare, Deception, And Privacy -- Cyber Perfidy, Ruse, And Deception / Heather M. Roff -- Cyber-attacks And Dirty Hands: Cyberwar, Cyber-crimes Or Covert Political Action? / Seumas Miller -- Moral Concerns With Cyber Espionage: Automated Key-word Searches And Data-mining / Michael Skerker. Edited By Fritz Allhoff, Adam Henschke, And Bradley Jay Strawser. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Content: Foundational norms for cyberwarfare -- Emerging norms for cyberwarfare / George R. Lucas, Jr -- The emergence of international legal norms for cyberconflict / Michael N. Schmitt and Liis Vihul -- Distinctive ethical issues of cyberwarfare / Randall R. Dipert -- Cyberwarfare and the just war tradition -- Cyber chevauchées: cyberwar can happen / David Whetham -- Cyberwarfare as ideal war / Ryan Jenkins -- Postcyber: dealing with the aftermath of cyberattacks / Brian Orend -- Ethos of cyberwarfare -- Beyond Tallinn: the code of the cyberwarrior? / Matthew Beard -- Immune from cyberfire? The psychological and physiological effects of cyberwarfare / Daphna Canetti, Michael L. Gross, and Israel Waismel-Manor -- Beyond machines: humans in cyber operations, espionage, and conflict / David Danks and Joseph H. Danks -- Cyberwarfare, deception, and privacy -- Cyber perfidy, ruse, and deception / Heather M. Roff -- Cyberattacks and "dirty hands": cyberwar, cybercrime, or covert political action? / Seumas Miller -- Moral concerns with cyberespionage: automated keyword searches and data mining / Michael Skerker. Cover 1 Binary Bullets 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Foreword: Ethics for the Coming Epoch of Conflict 8 Notes on Contributors 14 Introduction: Editors’ Introduction 20 Part I Foundational Norms for Cyberwarfare 30 1. Emerging Norms for Cyberwarfare 32 2. The Emergence of International Legal Norms for Cyberconflict 53 3. Distinctive Ethical Issues of Cyberwarfare 75 Part II Cyberwarfare and the Just War Tradition 92 4. Cyber Chevauchées: Cyberwar Can Happen 94 5. Cyberwarfare as Ideal War 108 6. Postcyber: Dealing with the Aftermath of Cyberattacks 134 PART III Ethos of Cyberwarfare 156 7. Beyond Tallinn: The Code of the Cyberwarrior? 158 8. Immune from Cyberfire? The Psychological and Physiological Effects of Cyberwarfare 176 9. Beyond Machines: Humans in Cyberoperations, Espionage, and Conflict 196 PART IV Cyberwarfare, Deception, and Privacy 218 10. Cyber Perfidy, Ruse, and Deception 220 11. Cyberattacks and “Dirty Hands”: Cyberwar, Cybercrime, or Covert Political Action? 247 12. Moral Concerns with Cyberespionage: Automated Keyword Searches and Data Mining 270 Name Index 296 Subject Index 302 This edited volume explores a wide array of ethical issues surrounding the advent of cyberwarfare. The moral complexities presented by cyberwar are many and they challenge our traditional understandings of just war theory and the ethics of war. This volume directly addresses the pressing need for serious scholarly analysis of this new form of warfare.