Beyond the International Space Station: The Future of Human Spaceflight: Proceedings of an International Symposium, 4–7 June 2002, Strasbourg, France (Space Studies, 7)

Y. Fujimori, Symposium Programme Committee Chair, and Faculty Member, International Space University e-mail: fujimori@isu. isunet. edu M. Rycroft, Faculty Member, International Space University e-mail: rycroft@isu. isunet. edu Building on the foundations provided by the International Space Station, now partially constructed and already in use in low Earth orbit, what will be the future directions of human spaceflight? This was the key question discussed from many viewpoints - technical, entrepreneurial, governmental, legal - at the seventh Annual Symposium held in Strasbourg, France, early in June 2002. Many ideas on the "whys" and the "hows" of our future exploration of the final frontier were put forward in a stimulating environment. The unique perspective of the International Space University (ISU) - namely an interdisciplinary, international and intercultural perspective - enhanced both the presentations and the discussions. More than 150 people attended the Symposium, including the current members of the Master of Space Studies class who are attending an 11 month course at ISU. They are young professionals and postgraduate students who develop in-depth some part of the broad Symposium theme in their parallel Team Projects. Their final reports will be completed at the end of July 2002, and will be published independently. 1 Beyond the ISS: The Future of Human Spaceflight Keynote Address: A Summary The Need for a New Vision E. Vallerani, Advanced Logistic Technology Engineering Center, The Italian Gateway to the ISS, Corso Marche 79, Torino 10146, Italy e-mail: vallerani. ernesto@spacegate-altec. Front Matter....Pages i-xvii Keynote Address: A Summary The Need for a New Vision....Pages 1-2 Front Matter....Pages 3-3 Once, We Went to the Moon....Pages 5-11 The Exploration and Development of Space: The International Space Station and Beyond....Pages 13-20 Some in Power, Some in Pain: A Symphonic Meditation on Humanity and Space....Pages 21-28 The Right Staff: The Human Component for Long-term Spaceflight....Pages 29-36 Front Matter....Pages 37-37 Structuring Future International Cooperation: Learning from the ISS....Pages 39-54 The Future of Human Spaceflight in Japan....Pages 55-62 The Future of Human Spaceflight as a Planning Challenge....Pages 63-74 Commercial Astronaut Missions to the ISS: From Concepts to Implementation....Pages 75-81 Aurora: The Dawn of European Human and Robotic Planetary Exploration....Pages 83-90 Report on Panel Discussion 1: Learning from the Past, Planning for the Future....Pages 91-92 Front Matter....Pages 93-93 The Operations Requirements of Deep Space Manned Missions....Pages 95-103 Reusable Launch Vehicles from a European Point of View....Pages 105-110 Robotics in Support of Human Space Exploration: A Canadian Perspective....Pages 111-118 Greenhouse: A Strategic Element to Support Humans in Space....Pages 119-126 An Integrated System of Medical Support for Space Exploration by Humans....Pages 127-136 Report on Panel Discussion 2: Enabling Technologies....Pages 137-138 Front Matter....Pages 139-139 Frequently Visited Space Bases for Future Human Space Programs....Pages 141-148 Future Spacecraft Design Based on the Experience of the Japanese Experiment Module aboard the ISS....Pages 149-156 Candidate Architectures for a European Mission to Mars....Pages 157-164 Front Matter....Pages 139-139 Preparing for Passenger Space Travel, the Future of Human Spaceflight....Pages 165-172 Report on Panel Discussion 3: Providing the Infrastructure....Pages 173-174 Front Matter....Pages 175-175 Public Outreach: Garnering Support for Future Human Space Exploration....Pages 177-184 Future Trends in Human Spaceflight: A Global Survey....Pages 185-192 Proposal for a Visited High-latitude Multi-purpose Space Station (MPSS)....Pages 193-200 ESA Roadmap for the Search for Life and Human Space Exploration....Pages 201-204 Below the Surface, Life among the Stars....Pages 205-212 Report on Panel Discussion 4: Exploration and Science....Pages 213-214 Front Matter....Pages 215-215 The Role of the Private Sector/Entrepreneur in Future Human Space Exploration....Pages 217-222 Economic and Technical Evaluation of Suborbital Spaceflight for Space Tourism 1 ....Pages 223-230 Space Tourism — From Dream to Reality....Pages 231-238 Space for Entrepreneurs and Tourists: Some Legal Issues....Pages 239-246 Lessons Learned: Industrial Utilization of the ISS is Feasible — The German Industrial Utilization Preparation Programme....Pages 247-251 Report on Panel Discussion 5: Space for Entrepreneurs and Tourists....Pages 253-254 Front Matter....Pages 255-255 Report on Discussion Group 1....Pages 257-258 Report on Discussion Group 2: Enabling Technologies....Pages 259-260 Report on Discussion Group 3: Providing the Infrastructure....Pages 261-262 Report on Discussion Group 4: Exploration and Science....Pages 263-264 Report on Discussion Group 5: Space for Entrepreneurs and Tourists....Pages 265-266 Report on Panel Discussion 6: Wrap Up Session in Plenary: Questions and Answers....Pages 267-268 Front Matter....Pages 269-269 The Future of Human Missions to Mars....Pages 271-272 Mars Outposts: Closing the Robotic-Human Gap....Pages 273-274 Internet-based Project Management for Human Spaceflight Missions....Pages 275-276 Robotic Precursors for Post-ISS Human Missions....Pages 277-279 The Impact of Intercultural Issues on the Future of Human Spaceflight....Pages 281-286 European Automated Transfer Vehicles, in Support of Human Spaceflight: Present and Future....Pages 287-288 A Manned Asteroid Mission, a Prelude to a Manned Mars Programme....Pages 289-290 The “Switchable” Hotel....Pages 291-292 A Historical Perspective on the Return to the Moon....Pages 293-294 Study of the Effects of Microgravity on Visual Illusions....Pages 295-296 Future and Available Space Platforms for Scientific Research....Pages 297-298 Marsbase: A Simulation Showing the Development of Crewed Bases on Mars....Pages 299-300 Long-term Life-support Systems....Pages 301-302 Commercial Use of Onboard Resources for Future Manned Space Stations....Pages 303-304 Some Trends and Perspectives of Manned Cosmonautics....Pages 305-306 Influence of Market Trends on Partnerships for Manned Spaceflight....Pages 307-308 Commercial Food Production for Space Tourists and Employees....Pages 309-310 Physical Disability in the Microgravity Environment: Factors for Consideration in the Human Spinal Cord Injury Model....Pages 311-312 US Democracy as the Model for the Next New World: Forming an Even “More Perfect Union” in Outer Space....Pages 313-315 Research on Thermal Protection Technologies for Manned Space Vehicles....Pages 317-318 Front Matter....Pages 319-319 Symposium Summary....Pages 321-322

What will be the future directions of human spaceflight? That was the key question addressed at this Symposium - in an atmosphere of realism mixed with idealism. Building on the foundations of the International Space Station, will it be space tourism, habitats in space, mining an asteroid on a collision course with Earth, bases on the Moon, or the colonisation of Mars? What robotic missions will be essential before crewed missions can be launched? How will these be financed? And when might it all happen?
Many ideas from the USA, Canada, Europe, Russia and Japan were put forward on the "whys" and the "hows" of our future exploration of the final frontier and what is likely to be needed to make dreams come true.
The Proceedings of this Symposium are invaluable to all people in industry, government and academia who are interested in the future of human spaceflight.
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