Between East And West;: A History Of The Jews Of North Africa

FRONT MATTER......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Dedication Page......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 Introduction......Page 16 PART 1. FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE BYZANTINE PERIOD......Page 24 The Origins of the Jewish and Berber Populations......Page 26 The Rule of Carthage......Page 29 The Jewish Communities......Page 31 The Uprisings......Page 33 Sites of the Jewish Colonies......Page 35 Jewish Life......Page 37 The Spread of Judaism among the Berbers......Page 41 The Beginning of Suppression......Page 44 The Effects of the Vandal Conquest......Page 47 Renewed Repression under Byzantium......Page 49 PART 2. THE RULE OF ISLAM......Page 54 Berber and Jewish Resistance to the Arabs......Page 56 Kahena......Page 57 The Early Years of Moslem Rule......Page 61 The Dark Ages......Page 62 The Attitude of Islam toward the Jews......Page 65 The Dhimmi and the Charter of Omar......Page 67 The Dhimmi in the Maghreb......Page 71 Outbreaks against the Jews......Page 73 The Nature of Maghrebian Judaism......Page 79 The Synagogue......Page 81 The Bible and the Talmud......Page 82 The Rabbi and the Rabbinical Court......Page 84 Language......Page 87 Dress......Page 88 Popular Customs, Superstitions and Occult Practices......Page 90 The Veneration of Saints......Page 94 KAIROUAN......Page 102 FEZ......Page 105 TLEMCEN......Page 107 7. Judaism in the Maghreb: The Spanish Component......Page 109 The Expulsion from Spain......Page 110 The Spanish Jews in North Africa......Page 112 Friction between Toshavim and Megurashim......Page 115 Community Organization......Page 118 ALGIERS......Page 120 TLEMCEN......Page 123 The Contribution of the Spanish Jews to Intellectual Life in the Maghreb......Page 125 Mysticism......Page 127 8. The Condition of the Jews in the Nineteenth Century......Page 136 ALGERIA......Page 137 MOROCCO......Page 139 The Mellah and the Hara......Page 145 MOROCCO......Page 146 TUNISIA......Page 148 ALGERIA......Page 149 Health, Sanitation and Popular Medical Practice......Page 150 Economic Life......Page 154 Education......Page 156 The Jews as an Elite......Page 159 PART 3. THE FRENCH PERIOD......Page 162 The French Occupation of Algeria......Page 164 The Beginning of Legal Emancipation......Page 167 The Crémieux Decree and the Granting of French Citizenship......Page 169 Anti-Semitism......Page 173 The Jews in Algerian Political Life......Page 179 Ahmed Bey and Mohammed Bey......Page 181 The Trial of Batto Sfez and its Consequences......Page 182 The Fundamental Pact......Page 183 Repercussions of the Pact......Page 186 The Situation under the Protectorate......Page 188 Nationality and Jurisdiction......Page 190 The Tunisian Community during the Post-War Period......Page 193 FRENCH MOROCCO......Page 195 The Consequences of the Protectorate......Page 196 The Legal Position of the Jews......Page 198 The Nature of Moroccan Nationality......Page 199 The Moroccan Jewish Community Structure......Page 202 The Beginning of Emigration to Israel......Page 204 Definition of the North African Jew......Page 207 The North African Communities and World Jewry......Page 209 Population Increase......Page 211 Geographical Distribution......Page 213 Population Growth......Page 215 Birth and Mortality Rates......Page 216 Geographical Distribution......Page 217 MOROCCO......Page 218 Population Distribution......Page 219 Marrakesh Region......Page 220 Rabat Region......Page 221 Age Structure......Page 222 French Influences on the North African Communities......Page 223 12. Facing West......Page 225 Education......Page 227 ALGERIA......Page 228 TUNISIA......Page 231 MOROCCO......Page 234 Jewish Intellectuals in the Maghreb......Page 236 Economic Life......Page 238 ALGERIA......Page 240 TUNISIA......Page 243 MOROCCO......Page 246 The Jews in the North African Economy......Page 250 Housing......Page 251 ALGERIA......Page 252 TUNISIA AND MOROCCO......Page 253 ALGERIA......Page 256 TUNISIA AND MOROCCO......Page 258 BEGGARY......Page 261 PROSTITUTION......Page 263 CRIME AND DELINQUENCY......Page 264 The Emergence of a New Man......Page 265 The Crisis of Judaism......Page 268 ALGERIA......Page 271 Rabbinical Justice and its Evolution......Page 272 Women, Marriage, Polygamy and Divorce......Page 276 Jewish Learning......Page 280 Zionism in North Africa......Page 281 Christian, Moslem and Jew......Page 282 PART 4. DISSOLUTION......Page 284 15. Independence and Exodus......Page 286 The Rise of Nationalism......Page 288 TUNISIA......Page 290 MOROCCO......Page 291 ALGERIA......Page 294 Exodus......Page 300 16. Israel......Page 308 Immigration......Page 309 Characteristics of the North African Immigration......Page 313 Encounter......Page 314 HEALTH......Page 320 PIONEER SETTLEMENT......Page 321 ECONOMIC INTEGRATION......Page 325 SOCIAL WELFARE......Page 328 HOUSING......Page 329 CRIME AND DELINQUENCY......Page 330 EDUCATION......Page 332 Citizens of Israel......Page 335 NOTES......Page 340 STATISTICAL APPENDICES......Page 375 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 385 INDEX......Page 388