Best Practice Guide on Sampling and Monitoring of Metals in Drinking Water (Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water)

Best Practice Guide on Sampling and Monitoring Metals in Drinking Water gives guidance on the design and quality control of sampling programmes for metals in Raw waters, in the water treatment works, in the drinking water distribution system and at the consumers tap. Part of Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water Set - buy all five books together to save over 30%! There is increasing concern regarding the presence of metals, particularly heavy metals in drinking water. In addition to the well-known toxic effects of lead, which are discussed at length in the Best Practice Guide on the Control of Lead in Drinking Water (in this series of Guides), the latest WHO guide values for maximum mean concentrations of arsenic, nickel and others in drinking water have been lowered compared to previous versions. European Union, USA and National standards for drinking water have followed the trend based largely on the same toxicological information. There is currently growing interest in the presence of hexavalent chromium in drinking water following its finding in some drinking waters in the USA above the national upper limit for total chromium and research suggesting that this limit needs to be considerably lowered. Some metals, particularly iron and manganese are associated with the production of discoloured (dirty) water in distribution systems and are therefore very important to the production of water with acceptable aesthetic qualities. Others (iron and aluminium) are key to the treatment of raw waters to drinking water standards. In most cases it is not possible to continuously monitor waters for metals and suitable sampling programmes must be designed and carried out to give results representative of the true water quality. The Best Practice Guide on Sampling and Monitoring of Metals in Drinking Water gives guidance on the design and quality control of sampling programmes for metals in Raw waters, in the water treatment works, in the drinking water distribution system and at the consumers tap. It also gives guidance on the analytical methods that can be used for the analysis of metals and quality control of those methods. Sampling programmes on the same water will vary according to the purpose for which they are carried out and the statistical techniques used to determine and design the different types of programme are outlined. Finally some case studies of optimisation of sampling are set out. Best Practice Guide on Sampling and Monitoring of Metals in Drinking Water is a valuable text for scientists, engineers and quality managers working in drinking water supply, laboratory managers and scientists who carry out sampling and analysis, and water industry consultants. It is also an excellent resource for post graduate and research workers in the field of drinking water. Editor: Dr Adam Postawa, AGH University, Krakow, Poland Cover 1 Copyright 4 Contents 5 About this Best Practice Guide 8 Authors 9 Acknowledgements 10 Acronyms 11 Definitions 13 Foreword 15 Executive Summary 16 Chapter 1: Introduction 19 1.1 The Scope of the Best Practice Guide 19 1.2 The Role of Sampling and Monitoring 20 1.3 Drinking Water Safety Planning 27 1.4 The Potential Consequences of Poor Sampling and Monitoring 28 1.5 Layout of the Best Practice Guide 28 Chapter 2: Basic principles of sampling 30 2.1 Health and Safety 30 2.2 Design of Sampling Programmes 32 2.3 Sampling Techniques 34 2.4 Sampling Equipment 36 2.5 Sample Pretreatment and Preservation 36 Chapter 3: Quality assurance of sampling procedures 41 3.1 Role of Quality Assurance 41 3.2 Sampling Strategy 41 3.3 Validation of Sampling Procedure 41 3.4 Quality Control Programme 42 Chapter 4: Analytical methods for metals in water 47 4.1 Selection of an Analytical Method 47 4.2 Colorimetric Methods 48 4.3 Electrochemistry Methods 50 4.4 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Methods 51 4.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Methods (ICP) 55 Chapter 5: Analytical quality control 57 5.1 Performance Characteristics 57 5.2 Internal Quality Control 57 5.3 External Quality Control 58 5.4 Example of an Analytical Quality Control Program 58 Chapter 6: Monitoring metals in raw water resources 61 6.1 What is Raw Water? 61 6.2 Reasons for Monitoring Raw Water 61 6.3 Types of Samples 61 6.4 Sampling Locations 62 6.5 Sampling Frequency 70 6.6 Sampling Devices 71 6.7 Automatic Sampling and Online Analysis Systems 75 6.8 Passive Sampling 75 Chapter 7: Sampling and monitoring metals in water treatment 77 7.1 Metals Significant for Water Treatment 77 7.2 Reasons for Monitoring 78 7.3 Monitoring Locations 79 7.4 Methods of Monitoring 81 7.5 Interpretation of Data 82 Chapter 8: Monitoring metals in distribution systems 84 8.1 Metals Causing Problems in Distribution Systems 84 8.2 Reasons for Monitoring 85 8.3 Planning a Sample Survey 85 8.4 Monitoring Locations 86 8.5 Methods of Monitoring 87 8.6 Interpretation of Data 88 Chapter 9: Monitoring metals at consumers’ taps 90 9.1 Relevance of Consumer’s Tap 90 9.2 Sampling Methods 90 9.3 Zonal Monitoring 95 9.4 Investigations at Individual Properties 99 Chapter 10: Statistical tools for the evaluation of results 101 10.1 Basic Definitions 101 10.2 Selected Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Tests 105 10.3 Confidence Interval for Mean 107 10.4 Compliance with Thresholds 108 10.5 Anova and Robust Anova 110 10.6 Data Presentation 112 Chapter 11: Developing monitoring strategies 121 11.1 Source to Tap Overview 121 11.2 Reasons for Monitoring 121 11.3 Consequences of Inadequate Monitoring Data 124 11.4 Steps to Developing a Successful Monitoring Strategy 124 Appendix 1: Case studies 125 A1.1 Bucharest (RO) 125 A1.2 England and Wales (UK) 127 A1.3 Krakow (PL) 130 A1.4 Myszkow (PL) 131 A1.5 Targu Mures (RO) 132 A1.6 Timisoara (RO) 135 References 138 Best Practice Guide on Sampling and Monitoring of Metals in Drinking Water is a valuable text for Scientists, Engineers and Quality Managers working in Drinking Water Supply, Laboratory Managers and Scientists who carry out Sampling and Analysis, and Water Industry Consultants. It is also an excellent resource for Post Graduate and Research workers in the field of Drinking water. --Book Jacket.