Best Practice Guide On Metals Removal From Drinking Water By Treatment (metals And Related Substances In Drinking Water)

This Best Practice Guide on Metals Removal From Drinking Water By Treatment describes drinking water standards and regulations, and explains the impact of a range of water treatment processes on metal levels in drinking water. Part of Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water Set - buy all five books together to save over 30%! The EU Drinking Water Directive sets a range of standards for metals and related substances in drinking water, many of which are concerned with health protection. A number of these standards are very stringent and require compliance to be assessed at the point of use. Because of the difficulties associated with monitoring, historic practices in many countries have concentrated on the quality of water within the distribution network. As a result, the magnitude of problems with some metals and related substances in drinking water is not fully appreciated in all European countries, and the extent and nature of corrective actions differ widely. This Best Practice Guide on Metals Removal From Drinking Water By Treatment describes drinking water standards and regulations, and explains the impact of a range of water treatment processes on metal levels in drinking water. Its objectives are to provide a basis for assessing the extent of problems and to identify appropriate water treatment options. The Guide provides a reasoned guide to selection of key water treatment processes. Each chapter focuses on a specific water treatment process and has been written by experts in that particular process. Best Practice Guide on Metals Removal From Drinking Water By Treatment provides practice-based knowledge for water engineers and scientists in large and small water utilities, regulatory agencies, health agencies and local municipalities (from cities through to small rural communities). It also supports university level teaching in degree schemes that relate to water management. This Guide is one of a series produced by the International Water Association's Specialist Group on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water. The series is an up-to-date compilation of a range of scientific, engineering, regulatory and operational issues concerned with the control and removal of metals from drinking water Cover 1 Copyright 5 Contents 6 About this Best Practice Guide 12 Preface 14 Acknowledgements 16 Authors 18 Acronyms 20 Definitions 24 Foreword 28 Executive Summary 30 Chapter 1: Drinking water quality standards and regulations 34 1.1 Introduction 34 1.2 Drinking Water Quality Standards 34 1.3 Drinking Water Legislation 36 1.4 Bacteriological and Microbial Standards 36 1.5 Chemical, Physical and Radiological Standards 37 1.6 Trends for the Future 38 References 40 Chapter 2: Guide to the selection of water treatment processes for removal of metals 42 2.1 Introduction 42 2.2 Technologies for Remove Metals from Drinking Water 42 2.2.1 Coagulation/filtration technology 44 2.2.2 Adsorption technology 45 2.2.3 Co-removal of arsenic, iron and manganase 47 2.2.4 Ion exchange 47 2.2.5 Membrane processes 48 2.2.6 Others 49 2.3 Point of Use/Point of Entry (POU/POE) Devices 49 References 50 Chapter 3: Oxidation for metal removal 52 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Overview of Iron and Manganase Removal 53 3.3 Iron Removal Overview 53 3.4 Iron Removal via Aeration 54 3.5 Iron Removal via Chlorination 55 3.6 Iron Removal via Chlorine Dioxide 55 3.7 Iron Removal via Ozone 55 3.8 Iron Removal with Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) 56 3.9 Manganese Removal Overview 56 3.10 Filtration Overview 57 3.11 Manganese Removal via Aeration 57 3.12 Manganese Removal via Chlorine 58 3.13 Manganese Removal via Chlorine Dioxide 58 3.14 Manganese Removal via Ozone 59 3.15 Manganese Removal via Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) 59 3.16 Removal of Iron and Manganase Using Microbiologically Active Filters (Biological Iron and Manganase Removal) 59 References 60 Chapter 4: Coagulation, flocculation and chemical precipitation 62 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 Description of Technologies Implementation 62 4.3 Coagulation 63 4.4 Coagulation Reactors 64 4.5 Flocculation 65 4.6 Flocculation Reactors 66 4.7 Chemical Precipitation 67 References 68 Chapter 5: Sedimentation and flotation 70 5.1 Description of Sedimentation 70 5.2 Design Approach 71 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sedimentation 73 5.4 Description of Flotation 74 5.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Flotation 75 References 76 Chapter 6: Removal of metals from drinking water by filtration 78 6.1 Introduction 78 6.2 Filtration Overview 78 6.3 The Autocatalytic Reaction of Manganese 79 6.4 Filter Hydraulics and Backwashing 79 6.5 Coal and Sand 80 6.6 Greensands 80 6.7 Pilot Testing 81 References 81 Chapter 7: Electrochemical treatment methods 84 7.1 Theoretical Background of the Electrochemical Processes 84 7.2 Electrolysis 84 7.3 Electrodialysis 86 7.4 Electrocoagulation 88 References 91 Chapter 8: Adsorption processes 94 8.1 Introduction 94 8.2 Factors Influencing Sorption Capacity 94 8.3 Adsorption Technology 95 8.4 Applications of Adsorbent Materials for Metals Removal from Water 96 8.4.1 Zeolites 96 8.4.2 Activated carbon 97 8.4.3 Biosorbents 98 8.4.4 Iron oxides 99 8.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adsortpion 100 References 101 Chapter 9: Ion exchange processes 104 9.1 Introduction 104 9.2 Factors Influencing Ion Exchange Selectivity 104 9.3 Applications of Ion Exchange Materials for Metals Removal from Water 105 9.3.1 Zeolites 105 9.3.2 Organic and inorganic ion exchangers 107 9.4 Ion Exchange Technology 108 References 109 Chapter 10: Membrane processes 110 10.1 Introduction 110 10.2 Description of Technology 111 10.3 Implementation of Technology for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Related Substances 111 10.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 112 10.5 Case Studies 113 10.6 Future Perspective 114 References 114 Chapter 11: Arsenic removal processes 116 11.1 Introduction 116 11.2 Available Technologies and Implementation 117 11.2.1 Oxidation 117 11.2.2 Precipitation 117 11.2.3 Adsorption 118 11.2.4 Ion exchange 119 11.2.5 Membrane filtration 119 11.2.6 Novel removal methods 120 11.3 Consideration on Water Quality 122 11.4 Treatment Process and Residuals Management 122 11.5 Examples of Real Scale Treatment Plants for the Arsenic Removal in Europe 123 References 125 Chapter 12: Hybrid processes 128 12.1 Description of Technology 128 12.2 Implementation of Technology for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Related Substances 129 12.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 131 12.4 Case Studies 131 12.5 Future Perspectives 132 References 133 The EU Drinking Water Directive sets a range of standards for metals and related substances in drinking water, many of which are concerned with health protection. A number of these standards are very stringent and require compliance to be assessed at the point of use. Because of the difficulties associated with monitoring, historic practices in many countries have concentrated on the quality of water within the distribution network. As a result, the magnitude of problems with some metals and related substances in drinking water is not fully appreciated in all European countries, and the extent and nature of corrective actions differ widely. This Best Practice Guide on Metals Removal From Drinking Water By Treatment describes drinking water standards and regulations, and explains the impact of a range of water treatment processes on metal levels in drinking water. Its objectives are to provide a basis for assessing the extent of problems and to identify appropriate water treatment options. The Guide provides a reasoned guide to selection of key water treatment processes. Each chapter focuses on a specific water treatment process and has been written by experts in that particular process. Best Practice Guide on Metals Removal From Drinking Water By Treatment provides practice-based knowledge for water engineers and scientists in large and small water utilities, regulatory agencies, health agencies and local municipalities (from cities through to small rural communities). It also supports university level teaching in degree schemes that relate to water management. This Guide is one of a series produced by the International Water Association's Specialist Group on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water. The series is an up-to-date compilation of a range of scientific, engineering, regulatory and operational issues concerned with the control and removal of metals from drinking water. Table of Contents Drinking Water Quality Standards and Regulations; Guide To Selection of Water Treatment Processes; Oxidation for Metal Removal; Coagulation, Flocculation and Chemical Precipitation; Sedimentation and Flotation; Removal of Metals From Drinking Water by Filtration; Electrochemical Treatment Methods; Adsorption Processes; Membrane Processes; Hybrid Processes