Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt (Women in Antiquity)

A mother of six, immensely wealthy and ambitious, Berenice II, daughter of King Magas of Cyrene and wife of Ptolemy III Euergetes, came to embody all the key religious, political, and artist ideals of Ptolemaic Alexandria. Through she arrived there nearly friendless, with the taint of murder around her, she became one of the most accomplished and powerful of the Macedonian queens descended from the successors of Alexander the Great. Rather exceptionally, she was at the center of a group of important poets and intellectuals associated with the Museum and Library, not the least of which was Callimachus, the most important poet of the age. These men wrote poems not just for her, but about her, and their eloquent voices projected her charisma widely across the Greek-speaking world. Though the range of Berenice's interests was impressive and the quantity and quality of the poetry she inspired unparalleled, today she is all but unknown. Catullus, who translated Callimachus' "Lock of Berenice" into Latin in the first century BCE, spread her fame in Rome and beyond, but though it makes a passing reference to her strength of character and capacity for action, overall it presents her as someone more innocent and therefore less interesting than she actually was. This positioning of Berenice as a weepy ingenue was calculated to introduce her as a virtuous bride and associate her with traditional Greek concepts of ideal womanhood. That Berenice II colluded in these efforts, and embraced their goals, is an indication of her sophistication and an invitation to look with greater care at the available evidence for her life and times. Though what we have from history is scattered and uneven, Dee L. Clayman's interdisciplinary approach presents a woman who was more powerful and fascinating than we had previously imagined. Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt offers a portrait of a woman who had access to the cultural riches of both Greece and Egypt and who navigated her way carefully through the possibilities that these assets presented to her, ultimately using them to accrue unprecedented honors that were all but equal to those of the king. There is much to offer both scholars and students in this sophisticated portrait of a formidable player in the 200-year power struggle that followed the death of Alexander the Great. Berenice II (c. 264-221 BCE), daughter of King Magas of Cyrene and wife of Ptolemy III Euergetes, came to embody all the key religious, political, and artistic ideals of Ptolemaic Alexandria. Though she arrived there nearly friendless, with the taint of murder around her, she became one of the most accomplished and powerful of the Macedonian queens descended from the successors of Alexander the Great. She was at the center of a group of important poets and intellectuals associated with the Museum and Library, not the least of which was Callimachus, the most important poet of the age. These men wrote poems not just for her, but about her, and their eloquent voices projected her charisma widely across the Greek-speaking world. Though the range of Berenice's interests was impressive and the quantity and quality of the poetry she inspired unparalleled, today she is all but known. Assimilating the scant and scattered evidence of her life, Dee L. Clayman presents a woman who was more powerful and fascinating than we had previously imagined. Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt offers a portrait of a woman who had access to the cultural riches of both Greece and Egypt and who navigated her way carefully through the opportunities and dangers they presented, ultimately using them to accrue unprecedented honors that were all but equal to those of the king. Cover 1 Contents 8 Acknowledgments 9 Abbreviations 10 The Family Tree of Berenice II 12 Map of The Eastern Mediterranean in the 3rd Century BCE 13 Introduction 16 ONE: Birth in Cyrene 27 TWO: Arrival in Alexandria 55 THREE: Callimachus on Murder and Marriage 91 FOUR: Apollonius on Murder and Marriage 124 FIVE: Ruling and Racing 140 SIX: Berenice in Egypt and Another Murder 178 Appendix: Catullus 66 206 Notes 210 Bibliography 248 Index 268 A 268 B 270 C 271 D 272 E 273 F 273 G 274 H 274 I 274 J 275 K 275 L 275 M 276 N 276 O 277 P 277 Q 279 R 279 S 279 T 279 U 280 V 280 W 280 X 280 Z 280 Index Locorum 281 A 281 C 282 D 284 E 284 G 284 H 284 I 285 J 286 L 286 M 286 N 286 O 286 P 286 Q 288 S 289 T 289 V 289 X 289 Z 289