Benchmarking Chloride Ingress Models on Real-Life Case Studies - Marine Submerged and Road Sprayed Concrete Structures: State-Of-the-Art Report of the RILEM TC 270-CIM

This book presents the work of RILEM Technical Committee 270-CIM: Benchmarking Chloride Ingress Models on Real-life Case Studies - Theory and Practice. It provides a comparative benchmark analysis of various types of chloride ingress models with emphasis on short, medium and long-term predictions. The book is subdivided in five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction on the benchmark and selected cases. The second chapter reports theoretical backgrounds of various analytical and numerical models for chloride ingress, followed by a short description of the models employed in the benchmark analysis. Chapter three describes the benchmark results of the Marine Submerged case, and chapter 4 of the Road Sprayed case. The last chapter reports conclusions, guidelines for calibration and recommendations. The book will benefit academics, designers, engineers, consultants, but also asset owners and standardization committees interested in durability and service life assessment of concrete structures. TC 270-CIM Members RILEM TC 270-CIM RILEM Publications Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Chloride Ingress Models 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Benchmarking Chloride Ingress 1.4 Technical Committee TC 270-CIM 2 Models for Chloride Ingress—An Overview 2.1 Model Concrete Versus Real Concrete 2.1.1 Self-desiccation and Air Voids 2.1.2 Concrete Inhomogeneity 2.1.3 Continuous Binder Reactions 2.1.4 Surface Effects 2.2 Fick’s Laws and the Two Diffusion Coefficients 2.3 ERFC-Solution with Constant DF2 2.4 ERFC-Solution with Time-Dependent DF2 2.5 The False Erfc-Solution with Time-Dependent DF2 and Cs 2.6 The Mejlbro-Poulsen Model—Time-Dependent DF2 and Cs 2.7 Numerical Solutions to Fick’s 2nd Law 2.8 The Square Root Model 2.9 Physical Models—General Aspects 2.10 Physical Models—Ion Transport Models 2.11 Physical Models—Interaction Between Ions and Matrix 2.12 Physical Models—Non-saturated Conditions 2.13 Boundary Conditions 2.14 Models Used in the Work of RILEM TC 270-CIM 2.14.1 “Double-Multi” Model (Liu) 2.14.2 ERFC Models (Vu, Mai-Nhu, El Farissi) 2.14.3 SDReaM-Crete (Mai-Nhu) 2.14.4 ERFC (Monteiro) 2.14.5 HETEK-Model (Monteiro) 2.14.6 Mejlbro-Poulsen Model (Frederiksen) 2.14.7 Cerema Model (Soive) 2.14.8 Freund/Langmuir (Ukrainczyk, Patel, Bahman) 2.14.9 ClinConcOrig Model (Nilsson) 2.14.10 ClinConcEng Model (Tang) 2.14.11 ClinConcEngSimpl Model (Nanukuttan) 2.14.12 HETEK-Conv Model (Nilsson) References 3 Marine Submerged 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of the Test Case 3.2.1 Concrete Properties 3.2.2 Specimen Dimensions and Environmental Conditions 3.2.3 Experimental Chloride Profiles 3.2.4 Additional Data 3.2.5 Benchmark Stages 3.3 Analysis and Interpretation 3.3.1 Global Analysis 3.3.2 Specific Analysis by Grouping Models 3.4 Conclusions References 4 Road Sprayed 4.1 Description of Benchmark Field Experiment 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 The Bonaduz Field Experiment (Concrete Type and Properties) 4.1.3 Weather and Salt Exposure Data 4.1.4 Chloride Profiles 4.2 Model Predictions for a Road Environment with Deicing Salt 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Mejlbro-Poulsen Model 4.2.3 ClinConc-Model 4.2.4 Cerema Model 4.2.5 Double-Multi Model 4.2.6 HETEK-Convection Model 4.2.7 Evaluation of Simulation Results 4.3 Conclusions References 5 Conclusions 5.1 General 5.2 Guidelines for Calibration 5.3 Outlook and Recommendation