دشمنان، لبه‌داری و چماق بزرگ: دایره‌المعارف تاریخی مفاهیم دیپلماتیک آمریکایی

This encyclopedia offers authoritative coverage of the concepts, traditions, events, and individuals that shaped United States' foreign relations from the American Revolution to the present. The United States is often portrayed as country that gradually, even at times grudgingly, entered the realm of international diplomacy. But in fact, diplomatic alliances have been an essential component of the American story from the very beginning, when the young nation used its connections to bolster its revolutionary efforts, patch together a country out of a variety of foreign territories, and protect itself from its enemies. Belligerents, Brinkmanship, and the Big Stick: A Historical Encyclopedia of American Diplomatic Concepts is the first comprehensive encyclopedic work to focus specifically on America's extraordinary history of political engagement with the world. With hundreds of alphabetically organized entries and a rich collection of primary sources, it offers a unique way of understanding the centrality of diplomacy and the role of foreign relations throughout U.S. history. The encyclopedia is divided into five chronological sections, each containing a brief introduction, topical entries, biographical portraits, and representative documents. It is designed to help readers gain a deeper understanding of both general ideas as well as specific policies like the Monroe Doctrine, the Open Door Policy, and Shuttle Diplomacy. By examining seminal events, important ideas, and individual contributions in the context of U.S. history, the encyclopedia reveals the underlying traditions and motivations of American foreign policy as it has evolved over time. Features: Five chronologically arranged sections, each with an introduction that describes key events and relationships; Over 200 chronological and alphabetic listings of major concepts and events in the history of American foreign relations as well as brief biographical entries on individuals who made major diplomatic contributions; Excerpts from a number of key foreign policy documents, statements, and treaties that relate to the subject and individual entries; Maps illustrating the results of various treaties and international agreements as well as photographs and illustrations of key individuals and events; Bibliographic listings of print and online resources for each entry, enabling readers to explore topics further; A comprehensive index plus alphebetical and subject area listings of entries in each section. - Publisher. Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 12 Acknowledgments......Page 14 Section 1: Inventing a Foreign Policy, 1776–1830......Page 16 Alliance......Page 18 Diplomats......Page 21 Embargo......Page 22 Impressment......Page 26 Jay’s Treaty......Page 28 Legitimacy......Page 30 Louisiana......Page 32 Mercantilism......Page 34 Monroe Doctrine......Page 36 Most Favored Nation......Page 40 Neutrality......Page 41 Nonimportation......Page 43 No-Transfer Principle......Page 45 Paper Blockade......Page 47 Pinckney’s Treaty......Page 49 Plan of 1776......Page 50 Plenipotentiary......Page 52 Quasi-War with France......Page 54 Ratification......Page 57 Recognition......Page 59 Rule of 1756......Page 61 Transcontinental Treaty (Florida)......Page 63 Treaty (Treaty of Paris, 1783)......Page 65 Uti Possedetus (Treaty of Ghent, 1814)......Page 70 War Hawks......Page 72 XYZ Affair......Page 74 Franklin, Benjamin......Page 76 Genêt, Edmond......Page 78 Jay, John......Page 79 Livingston, Robert......Page 80 Rush, Richard......Page 81 Wilkinson, James......Page 82 Section 2: Expansion and Civil War, 1830–1880......Page 84 Alaska......Page 86 Arbitration (Alabama Claims)......Page 88 China Market......Page 90 Filibustering......Page 92 First Shot Tradition......Page 94 Japan, Opening of......Page 97 Joint Resolution (Texas)......Page 99 King Cotton Diplomacy......Page 102 Manifest Destiny......Page 104 Mexican War......Page 106 Natural Boundaries......Page 110 Oregon Claims......Page 113 Oregon Fever......Page 115 Ostend Manifesto (Cuba)......Page 118 Recognition as a Belligerent......Page 121 Santo Domingo......Page 124 Texas Revolution......Page 125 Webster-Ashburton Treaty......Page 127 Adams, Charles Francis......Page 129 Astor, John Jacob......Page 130 Burlingame, Anson......Page 131 Calhoun, John Caldwell......Page 132 Clayton, John Middleton......Page 133 Cushing, Caleb......Page 134 Harris, Townsend......Page 135 Perry, Matthew Calbraith......Page 136 Scott, Winfield......Page 137 Seward, William H......Page 138 Slidell, John......Page 140 Trist, Nicholas......Page 141 Van Buren, Martin......Page 142 Webster, Daniel......Page 143 Wilkes, Charle......Page 144 Section 3: Rise of a Great Power, 1880–1914......Page 146 Algeciras......Page 148 Anti-Imperialism......Page 149 Big Stick......Page 152 Boxer Rebellion......Page 156 Cuban Rebellion......Page 158 Dollar Diplomacy......Page 161 Gunboat Diplomacy......Page 164 Hawaii......Page 166 Jingoism......Page 169 Mediation (Russo-Japanese War)......Page 171 Mission......Page 174 Neutralization......Page 176 New Manifest Destiny......Page 178 Olney Corollary......Page 180 Open Door Policy......Page 183 Panama......Page 186 Pan-Americanism......Page 188 Platt Amendment......Page 190 Protectionism......Page 193 Punitive Expedition......Page 196 Rapprochement......Page 198 Spanish-American-Cuban War......Page 200 Sugar......Page 203 Blaine, James Gillespie......Page 206 Bryan, William Jennings......Page 207 Dewey, George......Page 208 Hay, John Milton......Page 209 Root, Elihu......Page 210 Stevens, John Leavitt......Page 211 Teller, Henry Moore......Page 212 Wood, Leonard......Page 213 Section 4: The World Wars, 1914–1945......Page 216 American Expeditionary Force......Page 218 Atlantic Charter......Page 220 Atomic Diplomacy......Page 223 Disarmament......Page 226 Four Policemen......Page 229 Fourteen Points......Page 230 Good Neighbor Policy......Page 235 Grand Alliance......Page 237 Great War......Page 241 Island Hopping......Page 244 Isolationism......Page 246 Kellogg-Briand Pact......Page 248 League of Nations......Page 250 Lend-Lease......Page 253 Neutrality (1914–1917)......Page 257 Neutrality Acts......Page 259 Non-recognition......Page 261 Pearl Harbor......Page 264 Quarantine......Page 267 Red Scare......Page 269 Second Front......Page 271 Siberian Expedition......Page 274 Stimson Doctrine......Page 276 United Nations......Page 277 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare......Page 281 Yalta......Page 283 Hopkins, Harry......Page 286 Hughes, Charles Evans......Page 287 Hull, Cordell......Page 288 Kellogg, Frank B......Page 289 Lodge, Henry Cabot......Page 290 Pershing, John J......Page 291 Stimson, Henry L......Page 292 Section 5: The Cold War and After, 1945–......Page 294 Bay of Pigs......Page 296 Berlin......Page 298 Brinkmanship......Page 301 Bush Doctrine......Page 306 Cambodia......Page 309 Containment......Page 311 Détente......Page 313 Free Trade......Page 317 GATT......Page 319 Gulf War......Page 321 Hostage Crisis......Page 324 Iran-Contra......Page 326 Israel......Page 329 Land for Peace......Page 331 Liberation of Eastern Europe......Page 334 Limited War (Korea)......Page 336 Marshall Plan......Page 338 Massive Retaliation......Page 341 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)......Page 343 NSC-68......Page 347 Red Scare Again......Page 349 Shuttle Diplomacy......Page 352 Sputnik......Page 353 Tet......Page 355 Tonkin Gulf Incident......Page 358 Truman Doctrine......Page 361 U-2......Page 364 War on Terror......Page 367 Acheson, Dean......Page 369 Dulles, John Foster......Page 370 Kissinger, Henry......Page 371 McNamara, Robert Strange......Page 373 Rumsfeld, Donald......Page 374 Chronology......Page 378 A......Page 384 B......Page 385 C......Page 386 D......Page 389 E......Page 390 F......Page 391 G......Page 392 H......Page 394 I......Page 395 K......Page 396 L......Page 397 M......Page 398 N......Page 399 P......Page 401 R......Page 402 S......Page 404 T......Page 406 U......Page 408 W......Page 409 Y......Page 410 About the Author......Page 412