Behaviour Modification: Principles and Procedures

Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 CONTENTS......Page 9 ONE: Introduction to Behavior Modification......Page 26 DEFINING HUMAN BEHAVIOR......Page 27 EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIOR......Page 29 CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION......Page 30 Major Figures......Page 32 Major Publications and Events......Page 34 Developmental Disabilities......Page 35 Education and Special Education......Page 36 Business, Industry, and Human Services......Page 37 Health-Related Behaviors......Page 38 Procedures to Establish New Behaviors......Page 39 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 40 PRACTICE TEST......Page 41 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 42 TWO: Observing and Recording Behavior......Page 46 DIRECT AND INDIRECT ASSESSMENT......Page 47 DEFINING THE TARGET BEHAVIOR......Page 48 THE LOGISTICS OF RECORDING......Page 49 CHOOSING A RECORDING METHOD......Page 52 CHOOSING A RECORDING INSTRUMENT......Page 57 REACTIVITY......Page 61 INTEROBSERVER RELIABILITY......Page 62 KEY TERMS......Page 63 APPLICATIONS......Page 64 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 65 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 68 THREE: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change......Page 72 COMPONENTS OF A GRAPH......Page 73 GRAPHING BEHAVIORAL DATA......Page 76 GRAPHING DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF BEHAVIOR......Page 77 RESEARCH DESIGNS......Page 79 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 89 PRACTICE TEST......Page 90 APPLICATIONS......Page 91 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 92 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 94 FOUR: Reinforcement......Page 98 DEFINING REINFORCEMENT......Page 100 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT......Page 103 ESCAPE AND AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS......Page 105 CONDITIONED AND UNCONDITIONED REINFORCERS......Page 107 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REINFORCEMENT......Page 108 SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT......Page 111 CONCURRENT SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT......Page 116 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 117 PRACTICE TEST......Page 118 APPENDIX A......Page 119 APPENDIX B......Page 120 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 122 FIVE: Extinction......Page 126 DEFINING EXTINCTION......Page 127 EXTINCTION BURST......Page 129 SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY......Page 131 PROCEDURAL VARIATIONS OF EXTINCTION......Page 132 A COMMON MISCONCEPTION ABOUT EXTINCTION......Page 134 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EXTINCTION......Page 135 APPENDIX A......Page 137 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 140 DEFINING PUNISHMENT......Page 144 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT......Page 147 UNCONDITIONED AND CONDITIONED PUNISHERS......Page 152 CONTRASTING REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT......Page 153 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUNISHMENT......Page 155 PROBLEMS WITH PUNISHMENT......Page 158 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 160 PRACTICE TEST......Page 161 APPENDIX A......Page 162 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 164 SEVEN: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization......Page 168 DEFINING STIMULUS CONTROL......Page 169 DEVELOPING STIMULUS CONTROL: STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION TRAINING......Page 171 THE THREE-TERM CONTINGENCY......Page 174 STIMULUS CONTROL RESEARCH......Page 175 GENERALIZATION......Page 176 PRACTICE TEST......Page 182 APPENDIX A......Page 183 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 186 EXAMPLES OF RESPONDENT CONDITIONING......Page 190 DEFINING RESPONDENT CONDITIONING......Page 191 TIMING OF THE NEUTRAL STIMULUS AND UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS......Page 194 HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING......Page 195 CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSES......Page 196 EXTINCTION OF CONDITIONED RESPONSES......Page 198 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RESPONDENT CONDITIONING......Page 199 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN OPERANT AND RESPONDENT CONDITIONING......Page 201 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 204 PRACTICE TEST......Page 205 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 206 AN EXAMPLE OF SHAPING: TEACHING A CHILD TO TALK......Page 210 DEFINING SHAPING......Page 211 APPLICATION OF SHAPING......Page 213 RESEARCH ON SHAPING......Page 214 HOW TO USE SHAPING......Page 219 SHAPING OF PROBLEM BEHAVIORS......Page 221 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 223 APPLICATIONS......Page 224 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 225 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 226 AN EXAMPLE OF PROMPTING AND FADING: TEACHING LITTLE LEAGUERS TO HIT THE BALL......Page 230 WHAT IS PROMPTING?......Page 232 WHAT IS FADING?......Page 233 TYPES OF PROMPTS......Page 235 TRANSFER OF STIMULUS CONTROL......Page 238 HOW TO USE PROMPTING AND TRANSFER OF STIMULUS CONTROL......Page 243 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 245 PRACTICE TEST......Page 246 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 247 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 248 EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORAL CHAINS......Page 252 ANALYZING STIMULUS–RESPONSE CHAINS......Page 253 TASK ANALYSIS......Page 254 BACKWARD CHAINING......Page 257 FORWARD CHAINING......Page 259 TOTAL TASK PRESENTATION......Page 261 OTHER STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING BEHAVIORAL CHAINS......Page 263 HOW TO USE CHAINING PROCEDURES......Page 268 PRACTICE TEST......Page 269 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 270 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 272 EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING PROCEDURES......Page 276 COMPONENTS OF THE BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING PROCEDURE......Page 277 ENHANCING GENERALIZATION AFTER BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING......Page 282 IN SITU TRAINING......Page 283 BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING IN GROUPS......Page 284 APPLICATIONS OF BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING PROCEDURES......Page 285 HOW TO USE BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING PROCEDURES......Page 289 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 290 PRACTICE TEST......Page 291 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 292 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 294 EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT......Page 298 DEFINING FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT......Page 301 FUNCTIONS OF PROBLEM BEHAVIORS......Page 302 FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT METHODS......Page 303 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS RESEARCH......Page 314 CONDUCTING A FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT......Page 317 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 319 APPLICATIONS......Page 320 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 323 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 324 THE CASE OF WILLY......Page 328 USING EXTINCTION OF DECREASE A PROBLEM BEHAVIOR......Page 331 TAKING ACCOUNT OF THE SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT BEFORE EXTINCTION......Page 338 PROMOTING GENERALIZATION AND MAINTENANCE......Page 340 RESEARCH EVALUATING THE USE OF EXTINCTION......Page 341 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 344 APPLICATIONS......Page 345 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 346 APPENDIX B......Page 347 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 348 DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF ALTERNATIVE BEHAVIOR......Page 352 DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF OTHER BEHAVIOR......Page 363 DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF LOW RATES OF RESPONDING......Page 369 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 375 PRACTICE TEST......Page 376 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 377 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 380 EXAMPLES OF ANTECEDENT CONTROL......Page 384 DEFINING ANTECEDENT CONTROL PROCEDURES......Page 386 RESEARCH ON ANTECEDENT CONTROL STRATEGIES......Page 394 USING ANTECEDENT CONTROL STRATEGIES......Page 402 PRACTICE TEST......Page 405 APPLICATIONS......Page 406 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 407 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 410 SEVENTEEN: Using Punishment: Time-out and Response Cost......Page 414 TIME-OUT......Page 415 RESPONSE COST......Page 424 KEY TERMS......Page 429 APPLICATIONS......Page 430 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 431 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 432 APPLICATION OF AVERSIVE ACTIVITIES......Page 436 APPLICATION OF AVERSIVE STIMULATION......Page 443 POSITIVE PUNISHMENT: TREATMENT OF LAST RESORT......Page 446 CONSIDERATIONS IN USING POSITIVE PUNISHMENT......Page 447 THE ETHICS OF PUNISHMENT......Page 448 KEY TERMS......Page 450 APPLICATIONS......Page 451 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 452 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 454 EXAMPLES OF GENERALIZATION PROGRAMMING......Page 458 DEFINING GENERALIZATION......Page 459 STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING GENERALIZATION OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE......Page 460 IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE GENERALIZATION......Page 470 PROMOTING GENERALIZED REDUCTIONS IN PROBLEM BEHAVIORS......Page 471 PRACTICE TEST......Page 473 APPLICATIONS......Page 474 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 475 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 478 EXAMPLES OF SELF-MANAGEMENT......Page 482 DEFINING SELF-MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS......Page 484 DEFINING SELF-MANAGEMENT......Page 486 TYPES OF SELF-MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES......Page 487 STEPS IN A SELF-MANAGEMENT PLAN......Page 492 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 495 PRACTICE TEST......Page 496 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 497 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 500 EXAMPLES OF HABIT BEHAVIORS......Page 504 DEFINING HABIT BEHAVIORS......Page 505 HABIT REVERSAL PROCEDURES......Page 507 APPLICATIONS OF HABIT REVERSAL......Page 508 WHY DO HABIT REVERSAL PROCEDURES WORK?......Page 511 OTHER TREATMENT PROCEDURES FOR HABIT DISORDERS......Page 513 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 515 APPLICATIONS......Page 516 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 517 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 518 REHABILITATING SAMMY......Page 522 DEFINING A TOKEN ECONOMY......Page 523 IMPLEMENTING A TOKEN ECONOMY......Page 525 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 530 APPLICATIONS OF A TOKEN ECONOMY......Page 532 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A TOKEN ECONOMY......Page 535 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 538 APPLICATIONS......Page 539 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 540 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 542 EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORAL CONTRACTING......Page 546 DEFINING THE BEHAVIORAL CONTRACT......Page 548 COMPONENTS OF A BEHAVIORAL CONTRACT......Page 549 TYPES OF BEHAVIORAL CONTRACTS......Page 551 WHY DO BEHAVIORAL CONTRACTS INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR?......Page 554 APPLICATIONS OF BEHAVIORAL CONTRACTS......Page 556 PRACTICE TEST......Page 559 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 560 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 562 EXAMPLES OF FEAR AND ANXIETY REDUCTION......Page 566 DEFINING FEAR AND ANXIETY PROBLEMS......Page 568 PROCEDURES TO REDUCE FEAR AND ANXIETY......Page 571 KEY TERMS......Page 583 APPLICATIONS......Page 584 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 585 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 586 EXAMPLES OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION......Page 590 DEFINING COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION......Page 593 COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION PROCEDURES......Page 595 PRACTICE TEST......Page 603 MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 604 CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 606 GLOSSARY......Page 610 REFERENCES......Page 622 NAME INDEX......Page 648 SUBJECT INDEX......Page 654