انسان شدن: نظریه‌ای دربارهٔ انتوژنی

Virtually All Theories Of How Humans Have Become Such A Distinctive Species Focus On Evolution. Here, Michael Tomasello Proposes A Complementary Theory Of Human Uniqueness, Focused On Ontogenetic Processes. His Data-driven Model Explains How Those Things That Make Us Most Human Are Constructed During The First Years Of A Child's Life. Tomasello Assembles Nearly Three Decades Of Experimental Work With Chimpanzees, Bonobos, And Human Children To Propose A New Framework For Psychological Development Between Birth And Seven Years Of Age. He Identifies Eight Pathways That Starkly Differentiate Humans From Their Closest Primate Relatives: Social Cognition, Communication, Cultural Learning, Cooperative Thinking, Collaboration, Prosociality, Social Norms, And Moral Identity. In Each Of These, Great Apes Possess Rudimentary Abilities. But Then, Tomasello Argues, The Maturation Of Humans' Evolved Capacities For Shared Intentionality Transform These Abilities Into Uniquely Human Cognition And Sociality. The First Step Occurs Around Nine Months, With The Emergence Of Joint Intentionality, Exercised Mostly With Caregiving Adults. The Second Step Occurs Around Three Years, With The Emergence Of Collective Intentionality Involving Both Authoritative Adults, Who Convey Cultural Knowledge, And Coequal Peers, Who Elicit Collaboration And Communication. Finally, By Age Six Or Seven, Children Become Responsible For Self-regulating Their Beliefs And Actions So That They Comport With Cultural Norms. Built On The Essential Ideas Of Lev Vygotsky, Becoming Human Places Human Sociocultural Activity Within The Framework Of Modern Evolutionary Theory, And Shows How Biology Creates The Conditions Under Which Culture Does Its Work.-- I. Background: In Search Of Human Uniqueness -- Evolutionary Foundations -- Ii. The Ontogeny Of Uniquely Human Cognition: Social Cognition -- Communication -- Cultural Learning -- Cooperative Thinking -- Iii. The Ontogeny Of Uniquely Human Sociality: Collaboration -- Prosociality -- Social Norms -- Moral Identity -- Iv. Conclusion: A Neo-vygotskian Theory -- The Power Of Shared Agency. Michael Tomasello. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.

A radical reconsideration of how we develop thequalities that make us human, based on decades of cutting-edgeexperimental work by the former director of the Max PlanckInstitute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Virtually alltheories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focuson evolution. Here, Michael Tomasello proposes a complementarytheory of human uniqueness, focused on development. Building on theseminal ideas of Vygotsky, his data-driven model explains how thosethings that make us most human are constructed during the firstyears of a child's life. Tomasello assembles nearly three decadesof experimental work with chimpanzees, bonobos, and human childrento propose a new framework for psychological growth between birthand seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that starklydifferentiate humans from their closest primate relatives: socialcognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking,collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. Ineach of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities. But then,Tomasello argues, the maturation of humans' evolved capacities forshared intentionality transform these abilities-through the newforms of sociocultural interaction they enable-into uniquely humancognition and sociality. The first step occurs around nine months,with the emergence of joint intentionality, exercised mostly withcaregiving adults. The second step occurs around three years, withthe emergence of collective intentionality involving bothauthoritative adults, who convey cultural knowledge, and coequalpeers, who elicit collaboration and communication. Finally, by agesix or seven, children become responsible for self-regulating theirbeliefs and actions so that they comport with cultural norms.Becoming Human places human sociocultural activity withinthe framework of modern evolutionary theory, and shows how biologycreates the conditions under which culture does its work.

A radical reconsideration of how we develop the qualities that make us human, based on decades of cutting-edge experimental work by the former director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Virtually all theories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focus on evolution. Here, Michael Tomasello proposes a complementary theory of human uniqueness, focused on development. Building on the seminal ideas of Vygotsky, his data-driven model explains how those things that make us most human are constructed during the first years of a child’s life. Tomasello assembles nearly three decades of experimental work with chimpanzees, bonobos, and human children to propose a new framework for psychological growth between birth and seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that starkly differentiate humans from their closest primate relatives: social cognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities. But then, Tomasello argues, the maturation of humans’ evolved capacities for shared intentionality transform these abilities—through the new forms of sociocultural interaction they enable—into uniquely human cognition and sociality. The first step occurs around nine months, with the emergence of joint intentionality, exercised mostly with caregiving adults. The second step occurs around three years, with the emergence of collective intentionality involving both authoritative adults, who convey cultural knowledge, and coequal peers, who elicit collaboration and communication. Finally, by age six or seven, children become responsible for self-regulating their beliefs and actions so that they comport with cultural norms. Becoming Human places human sociocultural activity within the framework of modern evolutionary theory, and shows how biology creates the conditions under which culture does its work. Winner of the William James Book Award Winner of the Eleanor Maccoby Book Award "A landmark in our understanding of human development." —Paul Harris, author of Trusting What You're Told "Magisterial...Makes an impressive argument that most distinctly human traits are established early in childhood and that the general chronology in which these traits appear can...be identified." — Wall Street Journal Virtually all theories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focus on evolution. Becoming Human looks instead to development and reveals how those things that make us unique are constructed during the first seven years of a child's life. In this groundbreaking work, Michael Tomasello draws from three decades of experimental research with chimpanzees, bonobos, and children to propose a new framework for psychological growth between birth and seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that differentiate humans from their primate relatives: social cognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities, but the maturation of humans' evolved capacities for shared intentionality transform these abilities into uniquely human cognition and sociality. "How does human psychological growth run in the first seven years, in particular how does it instill 'culture' in us? ...Most of all, how does the capacity for shared intentionality and self-regulation evolve in people? This is a very thoughtful and also important book." —Tyler Cowen, Marginal Revolution "Theoretically daring and experimentally ingenious, Becoming Human squarely tackles the abiding question of what makes us human." —Susan Gelman "Destined to become a classic. Anyone who is interested in cognitive science, child development, human evolution, or comparative psychology should read this book." —Andrew Meltzoff Virtually all theories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focus on evolution. Here, Michael Tomasello proposes a complementary theory of human uniqueness, focused on ontogenetic processes. His data-driven model explains how those things that make us most human are constructed during the first years of a child's life. Tomasello assembles nearly three decades of experimental work with chimpanzees, bonobos, and human children to propose a new framework for psychological development between birth and seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that starkly differentiate humans from their closest primate relatives: social cognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities. But then, Tomasello argues, the maturation of humans' evolved capacities for shared intentionality transform these abilities into uniquely human cognition and sociality. The first step occurs around nine months, with the emergence of joint intentionality, exercised mostly with caregiving adults. The second step occurs around three years, with the emergence of collective intentionality involving both authoritative adults, who convey cultural knowledge, and coequal peers, who elicit collaboration and communication. Finally, by age six or seven, children become responsible for self-regulating their beliefs and actions so that they comport with cultural norms. Built on the essential ideas of Lev Vygotsky, Becoming Human places human sociocultural activity within the framework of modern evolutionary theory, and shows how biology creates the conditions under which culture does its work.-- Provided by publisher Virtually all theories of how humans have become a distinctive species focus on evolution. Here, Michael Tomasello proposes a complementary theory focused on ontogenetic processes. Built on the essential ideas of Vygotsky, his data-driven model explains how those things that make us most human are constructed during the first six years of life.