Beamforming Antennas in Wireless Networks: Multihop and Millimeter Wave Communication Networks (SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering)

Wireless networks are facing growing demand for high capacity, better coverage, support of new applications and broad range of services. In this book, the authors first present an overview of beamforming antennas and millimeter wave communications followed by a discussion on the challenges and issues facing MAC and multi-hop routing in the wireless networks with beamforming antennas. Then, they discuss various MAC and routing protocols that are specifically designed to address those issues and exploit the benefits of millimeter wave and beamforming antennas. Authors also present a framework to provide Quality of Service (QoS) in contention-based wireless networks with beamforming antennas. Finally, the book is concluded with a discussion on open research topics for future generation WLAN systems. Contents 6 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Wireless Networks 9 1.2 Beamforming Antennas: A Promising Technology 10 1.2.1 Potential Benefits 11 1.2.2 Challenges in the Upper Layers 12 1.3 Organization of the Book 14 References 14 2 Overview of Beamforming Antennas 16 2.1 Fundamentals 16 2.2 Smart Antennas Technology 19 2.2.1 Beamforming Antennas 19 2.2.2 MIMO Systems 19 2.3 Types of Beamforming Antennas 20 2.3.1 Switched Beam Antenna Systems 20 2.3.2 Steered Beam Antenna Systems 21 2.4 Millimeter Wave Beamforming 21 References 23 3 MAC Issues 25 3.1 Medium Access Control with Omni-Directional Antennas 25 3.2 MAC Challenges with Beamforming Antennas 27 3.2.1 Deafness 27 3.2.2 New Hidden Terminals 29 3.2.3 Head-of-Line Blocking 31 3.2.4 Communication Range Under-Utilization 31 3.2.5 MAC-Layer Capture 32 References 33 4 Directional MAC 34 4.1 Directional MAC Design Choices 34 4.1.1 Transmission Mode of RTS/CTS Packets 34 4.1.2 Virtual Carrier Sensing 36 4.1.3 Idle Listening Mode 37 4.1.4 Backoff 37 4.1.5 Beamforming Information 38 4.1.6 Tones 39 4.1.7 Synchronized Access 39 4.2 Overview of Directional MAC Protocols 40 4.2.1 Classification 40 4.2.2 Random Access Protocols 42 4.2.3 Synchronized Access Protocols 53 4.3 Basic Directional MAC (DMAC) 56 4.3.1 DMAC with Omni-Directional Backoff 57 4.4 Circular Directional RTS MAC (CDR) 58 4.5 Opportunistic Directional MAC (OPMAC) 60 4.5.1 Main Design Considerations 60 4.5.2 Protocol Description 62 4.5.3 Performance Evaluation 65 References 68 5 Enhanced MAC for Millimeter Wave Communication 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Beacon Frame 73 5.3 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) 75 5.4 Multiple Channel Access 76 5.5 Cooperative MAC Protocol 78 5.5.1 Contention Free Cooperative MAC Protocol 79 5.5.2 Contention-Based Cooperative MAC Protocol 80 5.6 Dual-Band MAC Protocol 81 5.7 Pre-defined Virtual Grouping MAC Protocol 82 References 84 6 Directional Routing 85 6.1 Introduction 85 6.2 Neighbor Discovery 86 6.3 Route Discovery 87 6.3.1 Route Discovery Optimization 89 6.4 Directional Routing Schemes 94 6.4.1 Directional DSR (DDSR) 94 6.4.2 Directional Routing Protocol (DRP) 95 6.4.3 Zone Disjoint Routing (ZDR) 97 6.4.4 DSR with Directional Antenna for Partition Bridging 99 6.4.5 Capture-Aware Routing 102 References 104 7 Directional QoS Routing Framework 105 7.1 QoS Guarantees in Multi-hop Wireless Networks 105 7.1.1 QoS Routing with Contention-Free MAC 106 7.1.2 QoS Routing with Contention-Based MAC 107 7.2 Conflict Analysis Framework 108 7.2.1 System Model 108 7.2.2 Classification of Link Conflicts 109 7.2.3 Colored Conflict Graph 111 7.3 QoS Routing Problem 113 7.3.1 Problem Formulation 114 7.3.2 Probability of Successful Transmission PS(i, j) 115 7.3.3 QoS Routing Algorithm 116 7.4 Performance Evaluation 117 References 123 8 Open Research Areas 125 8.1 Cross Layer Design for Directional MAC and Routing 125 8.2 Multi-hop Wireless Networks with Heterogeneous Antennas 126 8.3 Using Beamforming Antennas in Indoor Environments 126 8.4 Analytical Modeling for Directional MAC 126 8.5 QoS-Aware Directional Routing Protocols 127 8.6 Joint Optimization of Different Physical Layer Capabilities 127 8.7 Research Issues for mmWave WLAN 127 References 128