آموزش‌های بنیادی فیلسوفان بزرگ: مروری بر ایده‌های اساسی آن‌ها

A complete summary of the views of the most important philosophers in Western civilization. Each major field of philosophic inquiry comprises a separate chapter for greater accessibility. Includes Plato, Descartes, Spinoza, Kant, Hegel, Dewey, Sartre, and many others. Contents ......Page 7 Introduction......Page 15 I THE NATURE OF THE UNTVERSE......Page 19 The Views of the Early Greek Philosophers......Page 20 Plato's Theory of the Universe......Page 24 Aristotle’s Conception of the Universe......Page 26 Three Philosophers of Science: Whitehead......Page 0 The Universe According to the Greco-Religious Thinkers......Page 32 The Position of the Early Christian Thinkers......Page 33 The Positions of the Medieval Christian Thinkers......Page 34 The Views of the Forerunners of the Renaissance......Page 41 The Universe According to the Philosophers of the Renaissance......Page 43 Descartes' Conception of the Universe......Page 45 Spinoza's Theory of the Universe......Page 47 Leibnitz' Theory of the Universe......Page 53 Kant's Conception of the Universe......Page 54 The Views of the Later German Philosophers......Page 58 The Positions of John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer......Page 61 The Views of Henri Bergson and George Santayana......Page 65 II MAN'S PLAGE IN THE UNIVERSE......Page 67 Mans Importance According to the Early Greek Philosophers......Page 68 Man's Importance According to the Early Christian Thinkers......Page 72 The Views of the Medieval Christian Thinkers......Page 73 As Seen by the Forerunners of the Renaissance......Page 76 The Positions of Bacon and Hobbes......Page 77 The Views of Descartes and Spinoza......Page 78 The Views of Leibnitz......Page 81 Kant s View of Man's Importance......Page 82 The Views of Later German Thinkers......Page 86 Man's Place According to Comte......Page 88 The Positions of Mill and Spencer......Page 89 III WHAT IS GOOD AND WHAT IS EVIL?......Page 94 Good and Evil According to the Early Greek Philosophers......Page 95 Good and Evil According to the Epicureans and Stoics......Page 100 The Position of the Greco-Religious Thinkers......Page 101 The Ethical Views of the Early Christian Thinkers......Page 102 The Views of the Medieval Christian Thinkers......Page 103 The Ethical Philosophy of Kant......Page 108 The Views of Fichte and Schopenhauer......Page 109 The Ethical Views of James and Dewey......Page 112 IV THE NATURE OF GOD......Page 114 The Views of the Early Greek Philosophers......Page 116 The Position of the Later Greek Thinkers......Page 120 The Greco-Religious Ideas About God......Page 121 The Early and Medieval Christian Conception of God......Page 122 The Nature of God According to Spinoza......Page 130 The Concept of God in the Thought of Kant......Page 134 The Views of James and Dewey......Page 138 V FATE VERSUS FREE WILL......Page 141 The Idea of Fate Among the Early Greek Thinkers......Page 143 The Views of the Later Greek Philosophers......Page 146 The Position of the Greco-Religious Thinkers......Page 148 Early and Medieval Christian Thinkers......Page 149 Fate and Free Will According to Voltaire and to Rousseau......Page 159 The Position of Mill and of Green......Page 164 The Views of James and Dewey......Page 165 VI THE SOUL AND IMMORTALITY......Page 167 The Soul as Viewed by the Early Greek Philosophers......Page 169 The Soul and Immortality According to Plato and Aristotle......Page 171 The Position of the Later Greek Thinkers......Page 173 The Early and Medieval Christian Conception of the Soul......Page 174 The Soul According to the Forerunners of the Renaissance......Page 176 The Views of Descartes and Spinoza......Page 177 The Soul and Immortality According to Kant......Page 181 Recent and Present-Day Conceptions of the Soul and Immortality......Page 184 VII MAN AND THE STATE......Page 189 The State as Viewed by the Early Greek Philosophers......Page 192 The Positions of the Later Greek Thinkers......Page 198 The Views of the Early Christian Thinkers......Page 200 The Views of the Medieval Christian Thinkers......Page 202 The State as Viewed by the Forerunners of the Renaissance......Page 206 Machiavelli's Conception of the State......Page 207 The Position of Voltaire and of Rousseau......Page 212 The Views of Mill and Spencer......Page 216 Nietzsche's Conception of the State......Page 218 The Views of Dewey and Recent Thinkers......Page 219 VIII MAN AND EDUCATION......Page 221 Education as Viewed by the Early Greek Philosophers......Page 223 The Roman Conception of Education......Page 226 Early Christian Conception of Education......Page 227 St. Benedict and the Monastic Way of Life......Page 228 Education in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance......Page 229 Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation......Page 231 Comenius' Philosophy of Education......Page 232 Locke and Rousseau......Page 233 Pestalozzi's Conception of Education......Page 235 Herbart's View of Education......Page 236 Froebel's Conception of Education......Page 237 IX MIND AND MATTER......Page 240 Mind and Matter as Contrasted by the Early Greek Thinkers......Page 242 The Positions of Philo and St. Augustine......Page 247 According to the Medieval Christian Thinkers......Page 248 Roger Bacon and Paracelsus......Page 249 Francis Bacon and Hobbes......Page 250 Descartes and Spinoza......Page 252 Kant and Later German Philosophers......Page 255 X IDEAS AND THINKING......Page 260 What Thinking Meant to the Early Greek Philosophers......Page 261 The Views of the Later Greek Philosophers......Page 264 The Medieval Christian View......Page 265 Galileo and the Beginning of the Scientific Attitude......Page 267 James and Dewey......Page 274 XI SOME RECENT APPROACHES TO PHTLOSOPHY......Page 277 Kierkegaard and the Beginnings of Existentialism......Page 278 Logical Positivism......Page 282 Two Philosophers of the Spirit......Page 283 Some Current Philosophers in the Religious Tradition......Page 284 Conclusion......Page 286 Biographical Notes......Page 289 Index......Page 311 A complete summary of the views of the most important philosophers since the beginning of Western civilization. Each major field of philosophic inquiry is treated in a separate chapter, so that each chapter can be read as a complete unit, without reference to the others. Includes Plato, Descartes, Spinoza, Kant, Hegel, Dewey, Sartre, and many others Traces the major movements of and contributors to philosophic thought by examining such major issues as fate, immortality, education, and society