Basic physics : notes for traffic crash investigators and reconstructionists : an introduction for some, a review for others
معرفی کتاب «Basic physics : notes for traffic crash investigators and reconstructionists : an introduction for some, a review for others» نوشتهٔ Robert W Rivers، منتشرشده توسط نشر Charles C. Thomas Publisher در سال 2004. این کتاب در فرمت pdf، زبان انگلیسی ارائه شده است.
The purpose of this book is to bring to the student an understanding of the basic physics involved not only in traffic crash investigation and reconstruction but also in crimes or other incidents where the movement of objects or persons is involved. The range of topics included are those considered to be fundamental and which best serve the purposes of illustrating the methods and procedures vital as an introduction to physics. Essentials of the subject as related to vehicle motion are stressed. The mathematics used is kept simple and in straightforward, easy-to-understand language. Comments and examples and a very comprehensive list of terms and definitions, supported by many illustrations and diagrams, are provided to give the reader a unified view of basic physics. All materials are prepared in both the English (U.S.) and metric (S.I.) systems. The text is intended to serve a need for investigators who possess a good knowledge and understanding of elementary algebra and trigonometry, and who have successfully completed at least an at-scene traffic crash investigation course and wish to further their knowledge towards competency in advanced traffic crash investigation and reconstruction. CONTENTS Page Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v The Metric (SI) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS AND VEHICLE MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Physics Defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Mechanics and Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Force Defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 First Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 External Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Second Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Third Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 2. MEASUREMENTS IN PHYSICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Derived Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Acceleration Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 The Pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 The Slug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Vectors and Scalars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 3. GRAVITY, MASS AND WEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Weight and Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Center of Mass and Center of Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Tipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Acceleration, Mass and Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 4. MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Uniform Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 5. WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 6. POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 7. ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Kinetic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 8. FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Force Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Units of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Foot-Pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 The Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Normal Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Force, Mass and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Force Without Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Force and Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Magnitude of Centripetal Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Centrifugal Force as a Fictitious Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Bank or Superelevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 9. FRICTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Frictional Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Coefficient of Static Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Kinetic Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Sliding and Rolling Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Coefficient of Friction and Drag Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Drag Sled Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Derivation of Coefficient of Friction 10. MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Impulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Conservation of Linear Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Momentum and Kinetic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Coefficient of Restitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 11. PRESSURE AND FORCE MULTIPLIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Force Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Air and Fluids (Liquids) as Force Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Leverage and Air Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Tensile Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Appendix A—Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Appendix B–1—Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Appendix B–2—Speed of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Appendix B–3—Speed of Sound in Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Appendix B–4—Acceleration Due to Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 BASIC PHYSICS 2 CONTENTS 14 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS 20 Chapter 2 MEASUREMENTS IN PHYSICS 28 Chapter 3 GRAVITY, MASS AND WEIGHT 36 Chapter 4 MOTION 52 Chapter 5 WORK 60 Chapter 6 POWER 66 Chapter 7 ENERGY 70 Chapter 8 FORCE 74 Chapter 9 FRICTION 94 Chapter 10 MOMENTUM 106 Chapter 11 PRESSURE AND FORCE MULTIPLIERS 116 INDEX 136 1.001 The following notes are intended to serve as an introduction for some and a review for others in relation to physics and its application to traffic crash investigation and reconstruction.
دانلود کتاب Basic physics : notes for traffic crash investigators and reconstructionists : an introduction for some, a review for others