طرد در دنیای اولیه آتلانتیک: مجرمان، شورشیان و بردگان

Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Maps Acknowledgements Introduction Part 1 Diverse Patterns of Banishment in Britain and Ireland Chapter 1 The origins of English judicial banishment Before the civil wars: The first colonies and the development of criminal transportation The civil wars and the Interregnum Pardon and criminal transportation after the restoration Chapter 2 The distinctive character of Scottish banishment The Kirk and the local state Targets of Scottish banishment ‘Ethnic cleansing’ before the name: Scottish policies towards gypsies, vagabonds and others Highlanders The Burghs and the Justiciary: Levels of banishment in Scotland Chapter 3 Religious persecutions and banishment Interregnum origins New England Restoration England Trials – 1664–5 Towards respectability Chapter 4 Rebellion in Ireland, England and Scotland 1649–88 Ireland Rounding them up Selection of the transported In the West Indies Survivors Cromwellian banishment of rebels Barbados narratives Covenanters and Rebellion 1660–85 A martyr’s story: Alexander Peden The Western martyrs of 1685 Chapter 5 The Eighteenth-century Jacobite risings The two risings The 1715 rising The 1745 rising Stories of Jacobite resistance and survival Part 2 Continuity and Change: British North America and the Caribbean Chapter 6 Banishment and criminal transportation in the British Atlantic World Religious expulsions in the colonies Expulsion of the Jews from Barbados Political expulsions Native Americans King Philip’s War 1675–6 The case of the Nanziattico People, Virginia 1704–5 The Yamasee War 1715–16 New subjects for transportation: Slaves Slave conspiracies The second Maroon War and the case of the Maroons of Trelawny Town 1795–6 Criminal transportation ‘Felons of distinction’, ‘Felons of inferior note’ or ‘the common sort’ The Atlantic colonies Chapter 7 The Acadians: A people without a voice? The military context Removal New England colonies Maryland South Carolina Georgia The French Neutrals in England Sickness Work Laws of nations The French grab Chapter 8 ‘Arbitrary, unjust and illegal’: Philadelphia Quakers on the Virginia frontier, 1777–8 Arrests Council refuses to hear the prisoners in person The remonstrance of Pemberton, Hunt and Pleasants To the President and Council of Pennsylvania: remonstrance of the subscribers . . . now confined in the Free Mason’s Lodge An Address to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania Third remonstrance to the President and Council of Pennsylvania Preparations for the journey Leaving Philadelphia The journey Arriving at Winchester Remonstrance to Congress Life in Winchester Easing of restrictions Accommodation Sickness and death Escapes The women left behind Hostility to the Quakers Chapter 9 ‘Strangers and prisoners in a strange land’, St. Augustine 1780–1 Banishment The prisoners Moultrie’s Intercession Departure The journey The parole More detainees Accommodation Food Family and friends Mockery News Presbyterian versus Anglican Washington, Clinton and The Law of Nations Exchange/non-exchange The return A second removal Reunion Chapter 10 The transported beggars of St Eustatius The golden rock An American lifeline ‘Not properly a colony’ Rodney’s orders Lambert Blair on the assault on St Eustatius Proclamations The Jewish community on St Eustatius The Jews Samuel Hoheb The reaction The backlash The pursuit of Rodney’s instructions Burke’s speech in the House of Commons, 14 May 1781 Aftermath Burke’s speech, 4 December 1781 Reflections National honour Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index Banishing troublesome and deviant people from society was common in the early modern period. Many European countries removed their paupers, convicted criminals, rebels and religious dissidents to remote communities or to their colonies where they could be simultaneously punished and, perhaps, contained and reformed. Under British rule, poor Irish, Scottish Jacobites, English criminals, Quakers, gypsies, Native Americans, the Acadian French in Canada, rebellious African slaves, or vulnerable minorities like the Jews of St. Eustatius, were among those expelled and banished to another place. This book explores the legal and political development of this forced migration, focusing on the British Atlantic world between 1600 and 1800. The territories under British rule were not uniform in their policies, and not all practices were driven by instructions from London, or based on a clear legal framework. Using case studies of legal and political strategies from the Atlantic world, and drawing on accounts of collective experiences and individual narratives, the authors explore why victims were chosen for banishment, how they were transported and the impact on their lives. The different contexts of such banishment internal colonialism ethnic and religious prejudice, suppression of religious or political dissent, or the savageries of war in Europe or the colonies are examined to establish to what extent displacement, exile and removal were fundamental to the early British Empire.