Balanced constitutionalism : courts and legislatures in India and the United Kingdom

"The Human Rights Act (HRA) of the UK, enacted in 1998, provoked particular interest amongst scholars. Unlike systems of parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy, it promised a new, ‘balanced’ model for the protection of rights, which conferred courts with a limited power of review over legislation. Under this new model, rights-based decision-making was expected to be balanced amongst courts and legislatures, rather than lopsided in favour of either. Indian courts, on the other hand, have always been constitutionally entrusted with the power to strike down primary legislation enacted by the Union and state legislatures. This book examines the promise of the new model against its performance in practice by comparing judicial review under the HRA to an exemplar of the old model of judicial review, the Indian Constitution. It argues that although the HRA fosters a more balanced allocation of powers between legislatures and courts than the Indian Constitution, it does so for a novel reason. Balanced constitutionalism is not achieved through the legislative rejection of judicial decision-making about rights. Instead, the nature of the remedy under the HRA enables British courts to assert their genuine interpretations of rights in situations in which Indian courts find it difficult to do so."--Book cover Title_Pages 1 Dedication 5 Tables_and_Figures 6 Table_of_Legislation_Including_Constitutions_and_Constitutional_Amendments 7 Table_of_Cases 12 Acknowledgements 20 Abbreviations_and_Acronyms 22 Introduction 23 Balancing_Decisionmaking_amongst_Courts_and_Legislatures 48 Judicial_Review_and_Political_Responses 77 Comparing_Political_Responses_in_India_and_the_United_Kingdom 144 Judicial_Review_in_the_Shadow_of_Remedies 171 Collateral_Institutions_to_Judicial_Review 236 Conclusion 284 Appendix_A_Political_Responses_to_Judgments_Striking_Down_Legislation_in_India 293 Appendix_B_Political_Responses_to_Declarations_of_Incompatibility_in_the_United_Kingdom 301 Index 333 About_the_Author 340 Title Pages Dedication Tables and Figures Table of Legislation Including Constitutions and Constitutional Amendments Table of Cases Acknowledgements Abbreviations and Acronyms Introduction Balancing Decisionmaking amongst Courts and Legislatures Judicial Review and Political Responses Comparing Political Responses in India and the United Kingdom Judicial Review in the Shadow of Remedies Collateral Institutions to Judicial Review Conclusion Appendix A Political Responses to Judgments Striking Down Legislation in India Appendix B Political Responses to Declarations of Incompatibility in the United Kingdom Index About the Author