بیماری‌های باکتریایی ماهی: محدودیت‌های زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی

Bacterial Fish Diseases: Environmental and Economic Constraints will be useful for researchers and academics who need to understand the nature and consequences of bacteria-related disease in fishes. It has in-depth information on the complete genome of various bacterial species and identifies an essential number of virulence genes that affect the pathogenic potential of the bacteria in fish. Users will find the most relevant information derived from the available bacterial genomes concerning virulence and the diverse virulence factors that actively participate in host adherence, colonization and infection, including structural components, extracellular factors, secretion systems, iron acquisition and quorum sensing mechanisms. This reference is beneficial for understanding economic losses due to bacterial pathogens in fish fauna and its impact on the economy. It addition, it provides information on good aquaculture practices and how to scientifically manage aquaculture and fishery sectors. Presents bacteria-related diseases in fish species, highlighting problems associated with the culturing of fish Discusses pollution contamination in freshwater ecosystems to provide insights into the sustainable management of fish species Provides fundamental research concepts of fish health, along with practical research methods Bacterial Fish Diseases Copyright Contents Dedication Foreword List of contributors Preface About the editors Acknowledgments 1 Aquatic pollution and marine ecosystems 1.1 Background 1.2 Sources of contamination in aquatic ecosystems 1.3 Causes of aquatic ecosystem pollution by hydrocarbons 1.4 The effects of water pollution 1.4.1 Aluminum 1.4.2 Ammonia 1.4.3 Arsenic 1.4.4 Barium 1.4.5 Benzene 1.4.6 Cadmium 1.4.7 Calcium 1.4.8 Chlorine 1.4.9 Chromium 1.4.10 Copper 1.4.11 Magnesium 1.5 The repercussions of pollution of aquatic ecosystems with hydrocarbons 1.6 Other sources of water pollution spread 1.6.1 Spray drift 1.6.2 Leakage 1.6.3 Drainage 1.7 Conclusions and recommendations References 2 Heavy metals as pollutants in the aquatic Black Sea ecosystem 2.1 Background 2.2 Heavy metal poisoning 2.2.1 General properties of metals 2.2.2 Fish species with “toxic” flesh 2.2.3 Toxicity of various organs/tissues of fish 2.2.4 Bioaccumulation factor 2.3 The role of heavy metals as pollutants 2.3.1 Peculiarities of heavy metals found in aquatic ecosystems 2.4 Bioavailability of heavy metals for aquatic organisms 2.5 Effects of heavy metal pollution on aquatic ecosystems 2.6 Methods of taking heavy metals from the bodies of organisms 2.7 Methods of accumulation and disposal of metals 2.7.1 Bioconcentration: applications in toxicology 2.7.2 Biological factors 2.7.3 Environmental parameters 2.7.4 The effects of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation on the aquatic ecosystem 2.8 Identification and adjustment of concentrations of metals in tissue 2.9 Conclusions References 3 Effects of heavy metals and pesticides on fish 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Toxicity due to pesticides in fish 3.3 Disadvantages of pesticides 3.4 Routes of pesticide exposure in fish 3.5 Effects of pesticides on fish 3.5.1 Residual effects of insecticides 3.5.2 Bioaccumulation of insecticides 3.5.3 Biotransformation of insecticides and the toxic mechanisms 3.6 Acute toxicity of insecticides 3.6.1 Sublethal toxicity of insecticides 3.7 Chronic toxicity of insecticides 3.7.1 Effects of insecticides on different parameters in fish 3.7.2 Tissue and organ damage 3.8 Reproductive dysfunction 3.9 Developmental disorders 3.9.1 Neurotoxicity 3.9.2 Behavioral alterations 3.9.3 Genotoxicity 3.9.4 Immunosuppression 3.9.5 Effect on growth of fish 3.9.6 Histopathological alterations due to insecticide toxicity 3.9.7 Herbicides 3.9.8 Fungicides 3.10 Toxicity due to heavy metals in fish 3.10.1 Effects of cadmium on fish 3.10.2 Effects of mercury in fish 3.10.3 Effects of lead in fish 3.10.4 Effects of aluminum in fish 3.10.5 Effects of arsenic in fish 3.10.6 Effects of chromium in fish 3.10.7 Effects of copper in Fish 3.10.8 Effects of nickel in fish 3.10.9 Effects of zinc in fish References 4 Pesticide toxicity and bacterial diseases in fishes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fish: an important resource 4.3 Fish as indicators of pollution 4.4 The impact of pesticides on fish 4.5 Mitigation of the impact of pesticides 4.6 Bacterial diseases in fishes 4.7 Major bacterial diseases in fish 4.7.1 Bacterial enteritis of flounder 4.7.2 Abdominal swelling of sea bream and studies on intestinal flora 4.7.3 Gliding bacterial infection 4.8 Control of bacterial fish diseases 4.8.1 Improving water quality 4.8.2 Nanobioencapsulated vaccine 4.8.3 Quorum sensing 4.8.4 Injection vaccination 4.8.5 Prebiotics 4.8.6 Plant product application 4.9 Conclusion References 5 Impact of aquatic pollution on fish fauna 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sources of pollution 5.3 Impacts of heavy metal pollution on fish health 5.4 Heavy metal hazards 5.5 Fishes as biomarkers 5.6 Impact on fish reproduction 5.6.1 Impacts on male reproductive systems 5.6.2 Impacts on female reproductive system 5.7 Effects of pollution on disease outbreak 5.8 Role of heavy metals 5.9 Role of hydrocarbons and nitrogenous compounds 5.10 Role of pesticides 5.11 Conclusion References 6 Bacterial diseases in fish with relation to pollution and their consequences—A Global Scenario 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The major sources of marine pollution 6.3 Bacterial pathologic processes in fish fauna 6.4 Impacts of pollution and act 6.5 Contaminants in the marine environment 6.6 Symbiotic microflora in fish 6.7 The marine environment and its issues in India 6.8 The outcomes of pollution and bacterial infection in fish fauna 6.9 Bacterial pathogens causing diseases in fish due to the effect of marine pollution 6.9.1 Vibrios 6.9.2 Aeromonas 6.9.3 Flavobacterium 6.9.4 Shigella flexneri 6.9.5 Enterobacter amnigenus 6.10 Immune responses in fish 6.11 Fish diseases and their consequences 6.12 Pathogenomics 6.13 Plastic pollution cause adverse effects in the marine environment 6.14 The impact of plastic pollution in urban India 6.15 Substitutive uses 6.16 The Gulf of Mannar 6.17 Impact on marine environment: pollution in the Bay of Bengal 6.18 Interaction between pathogens and aquatic environment 6.19 Bacterial fish diseases and their control 6.20 Conclusion References Further reading 7 Common bacterial infections affecting freshwater fish fauna and impact of pollution and water quality characteristics on ... 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pollution: impact on bacterial infection in fish populations 7.3 Water quality attributes: impact on bacterial pathogenicity in fish populations 7.4 Common bacteria causing infections in freshwater fish 7.4.1 Vibrios 7.4.2 Aeromonads 7.4.3 Flavobacterium 7.4.4 Edwardsiella 7.4.4.1 Yersinia ruckeri 7.4.5 Renibacterium salmoninarum 7.4.6 Streptococcus and Lactococcus 7.4.7 Mycobacteria 7.4.8 Pseudomonas 7.4.8.1 Emerging prospective pathogens of freshwater fish 7.4.9 Plesiomonas shigelloides 7.4.10 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 7.4.11 Kocuria rhizophila 7.5 Conclusion References 8 Global status of bacterial fish diseases in relation to aquatic pollution 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Acidification of bacteria in water 8.3 Impact on fish from pollution 8.4 Impact on fish populations from bacterial diseases 8.5 Consequences of bacterial diseases in fish 8.6 Global status of bacterial disease in fishes 8.7 Toxic bacteria in fishes and their occurrence 8.7.1 Aeromonas 8.7.2 Edwardsiella 8.7.3 Mycobacterium 8.7.4 Flavobacterium 8.7.5 Streptococcus 8.8 Adverse effects on human health caused by bacterial fish diseases 8.8.1 Gastrointestinal tract 8.8.2 Cardiovascular system 8.8.3 Kidney 8.8.4 Reproductive system 8.9 Conclusion References 9 Understanding the pathogenesis of important bacterial diseases of fish 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 The importance of fisheries 9.1.2 Main bacteria species capable of causing fish diseases 9.1.3 Important diagnosis methods for bacterial fish diseases 9.1.4 Vaccines to prevent fish bacterial diseases 9.2 Main pathogenesis of bacterial diseases in fish 9.3 Conclusions 9.4 Future perspectives References 10 Evaluation of the Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK v2) for pleco fish or devil fish 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Invasive risk analysis 10.2.1 Fish invasiveness scoring kit 10.3 Zone of study 10.4 Pleco fish or devil fish (Loricariidae) 10.4.1 Taxonomic category 10.4.2 Native and current distribution 10.4.3 Description of the species 10.4.4 Devil fish in Mexico and the Huasteca potosina 10.4.5 Environmental and socioeconomic effects 10.5 Evaluation of the fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK v2) 10.5.1 Methodology 10.5.2 Results and discussion 10.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 11 Profiling of common bacterial pathogens in fish 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fish production in Nigeria 11.3 Impact of practice 11.4 Selected common pathogens of fish in Nigeria 11.4.1 Aeromonas hydrophila 11.4.2 Flavobacterium 11.5 Conclusion References 12 Status of furunculosis in fish fauna 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Signs of infection 12.3 Diagnosis 12.4 Transmission 12.5 Control of infection 12.6 Selection and breeding 12.7 Immunization 12.8 Treatment 12.9 Conclusion and future prospects References 13 Bacterial gill disease and aquatic pollution: a serious concern for the aquaculture industry 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Bacterial gill disease 13.3 History and geographical range 13.4 Causative agents 13.5 Host species of the disease 13.6 Pathology and symptoms 13.7 Diagnosis 13.7.1 Diagnosis by direct observation 13.7.2 Other diagnostic procedures 13.8 Control methods 13.9 Prophylactic measures 13.10 Chemical treatment 13.11 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 14 Common bacterial pathogens in fish: An overview 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Gram-negative bacterial pathogens 14.2.1 Aeromonadaceae 14.2.1.1 Aeromonas hydrophila 14.2.1.1.1 Habitat 14.2.1.1.2 Morphology 14.2.1.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics 14.2.1.1.4 Epizootiology 14.2.1.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.2.1.1.6 Treatment and control 14.2.2 Vibrionaceae 14.2.2.1 Vibrio anguillarum 14.2.2.1.1 Habitat 14.2.2.1.2 Morphology 14.2.2.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics 14.2.2.1.4 Epizootiology 14.2.2.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.2.2.1.6 Treatment and control 14.2.3 Pseudomonadaceae 14.2.3.1 Pseudomonas fluorescens 14.2.3.1.1 Habitat 14.2.3.1.2 Morphology 14.2.3.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics 14.2.3.1.4 Epizootiology 14.2.3.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.2.3.1.6 Treatment and control 14.2.4 Flavobacteriaceae 14.2.4.1 Flavobacterium columnare (Flexibacter/Cytophaga columnaris) 14.2.4.1.1 Habitat 14.2.4.1.2 Morphology 14.2.4.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics 14.2.4.1.4 Epizootiology 14.2.4.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.2.4.1.6 Treatment and control 14.2.5 Photobacteria 14.2.5.1 Photobacterium damsel 14.2.5.1.1 Habitat 14.2.5.1.2 Morphology 14.2.5.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics 14.2.5.1.4 Epizootiology 14.2.5.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.2.5.1.6 Treatment and control 14.3 Gram-positive bacterial pathogens 14.3.1 Streptococci 14.3.1.1 Streptococcus iniae 14.3.1.1.1 Habitat 14.3.1.1.2 Morphology 14.3.1.1.3 Culture and biochemical characteristics 14.3.1.1.4 Epizootiology 14.3.1.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.3.1.1.6 Treatment and control 14.3.2 Lactococci 14.3.2.1 Lactococcus garvieae 14.3.2.1.1 Habitat 14.3.2.1.2 Morphology 14.3.2.1.3 Cultural and biochemical properties 14.3.2.1.4 Epizootiology 14.3.2.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.3.2.1.6 Treatment and control 14.3.3 Mycobacteria 14.3.3.1 Mycobacterium marinum 14.3.3.1.1 Habitat 14.3.3.1.2 Morphology 14.3.3.1.3 Culture and biochemical properties 14.3.3.1.4 Epizootiology 14.3.3.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.3.3.1.6 Treatment and control 14.3.4 Renibacterium 14.3.4.1 Renibacterium salmoninarum 14.3.4.1.1 Habitat 14.3.4.1.2 Morphology 14.3.4.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics 14.3.4.1.4 Epizootiology 14.3.4.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.3.4.1.6 Treatment and control 14.3.5 Clostridia 14.3.5.1 Clostridium botulinum 14.3.5.1.1 Habitat 14.3.5.1.2 Morphology 14.3.5.1.3 Cultural and biochemical characteristics 14.3.5.1.4 Epizootiology 14.3.5.1.5 Pathogenicity and clinical signs 14.3.5.1.6 Treatment and control 14.4 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 15 Bacterial diseases in cultured fishes: an update of advances in control measures 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Antibiotics residue 15.2 Preventive measures against diseases: possible outlook 15.2.1 Fish derived antimicrobial peptides 15.2.2 Nanotechnology-assisted delivery systems 15.2.3 Bacterial fish vaccines 15.2.3.1 Types of vaccines 15.2.3.1.1 Inactivated vaccines 15.2.3.1.2 Attenuated/live vaccines 15.2.3.1.3 DNA vaccine 15.2.3.1.4 Recombinant vaccine 15.2.4 Prebiotics 15.2.4.1 Mannan oligosaccharide 15.2.4.2 Fructooligosaccharide 15.2.4.3 Inulin 15.2.4.4 Miscellaneous prebiotics 15.2.5 Probiotics 15.2.6 Synbiotic in aquaculture 15.2.7 Paraprobiotics: a new concept 15.2.8 Herbal biomedicines 15.2.8.1 Herbal biomedicines as growth promoters 15.2.8.2 Herbal medicines as immune-stimulant 15.2.8.3 Herbal medicines as antibacterial agents 15.2.8.4 Herbal biomedicines as antistress agents 15.2.9 Bacteriophage therapy 15.3 Conclusion References 16 Ulceration in fish: causes, diagnosis and prevention 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Ulceration and its causes in different fish species 16.3 Diagnostic methods 16.4 Preventive measures 16.5 Conclusion Acknowledgements Funding Competing interest Conflict of interest Data availability statement References 17 Application of probiotic bacteria for the management of fish health in aquaculture 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Probiotics definition 17.3 Routes of administration 17.4 Significant factors governing the advantages of probiotic form of administration 17.5 Rationale for use of probiotics in aquaculture 17.6 Selection criteria for probiotics 17.7 Probiotics formulation and commercialization 17.8 Classification of probiotics in aquaculture 17.8.1 Commercial form 17.8.2 Mode of administration 17.8.3 Based on derivation 17.8.4 Depending upon the function 17.9 Use of probiotics 17.9.1 Probiotics as a growth enhancer 17.9.2 Probiotics for disease management 17.9.2.1 Modes of action 17.9.2.1.1 Production of bacteriocidal substances 17.9.2.1.2 Competition for nutrients 17.9.2.1.3 Competition for binding sites 17.9.2.1.4 Immunomodulation 17.9.2.1.5 Quorum sensing disruption 17.9.3 Probiotics for water quality management in aquaculture 17.10 Safety and evaluation of probiotics 17.11 Research gaps and future research plans 17.12 Conclusion References 18 Efficacy of different treatments available against bacterial pathogens in fish 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Bacterial infections occurring in freshwater fish 18.2.1 Aeromonas infections 18.2.2 Pseudomonas infections 18.2.3 Flavobacterium infections 18.2.4 Acinetobacter infections 18.2.5 Shewanella putrefaciens infections 18.2.6 Fish infection with gram-positive bacteria 18.3 Emerging potential pathogens of freshwater fish 18.3.1 Infections due to Plesiomonas shigelloides 18.3.2 Infections due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 18.3.3 Infections due to Kocuria rhizophila 18.3.4 Infections caused by myxobacteria 18.4 Treatment of bacterial pathogens in fish 18.4.1 Bacteriocins 18.4.2 Fish gut microbiota 18.5 Treatment with beneficial gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria 18.6 Bioremediation (improving water quality) 18.6.1 Disinfectants 18.6.2 Prebiotics 18.7 Vaccination 18.7.1 Biovaccines (living attenuated vaccines) 18.7.2 Encapsulated oral vaccine 18.7.2.1 Live feeds bioencapsulated vaccine 18.7.2.2 Nanobioencapsulated vaccine 18.8 Immunomodulation 18.9 Bacteriophage therapy 18.10 Phage therapy dosage References 19 Summary of economic losses due to bacterial pathogens in aquaculture industry 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Principal fish species produced in the aquaculture industry worldwide 19.3 Principal causes of economic loss in the aquaculture industry 19.4 Pathogens that causes economic loss in the aquaculture industry 19.5 Identification of bacterial diseases in fish farms 19.6 Analysis of a fish farm system in Huasteca Potosina, Mexico 19.7 Conclusions References Index