Aviation in the Digital Age : Legal and Regulatory Aspects

La 4ème de couverture indique : "All of the topics discussed in this book - from sovereignty to cybercrime, and from drones to the identification of passengers & privacy - are profoundly affected by algorithms; so are air traffic services and aeronautical communications. All of these aviation-related aspects are addressed in a 75-year-old treaty called the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, which, as this book argues, needs to be reviewed with a focus on its relevance and applicability in connection with Moore's Law, which posits that transistors in computer microchips double in speed, power and performance every two years, while the cost of computers is halved during the same period. Firstly, in terms of traditional territorial sovereignty, we have arrived at a point where there is a concept of data sovereignty and ownership that raises issues of privacy. Data transmission becomes ambivalent in terms of territorial sovereignty, and the Westphalian model may not be the perfect answer. Whether it be the manufacture of airplanes, the transfer of data on individuals, or the transmission of aeronautical and telecommunications information - all have to be carried out in accordance with the same fundamental principle : duty of care. Against the backdrop of the relevant provisions of the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, the detailed analysis presented here covers key areas such as: megatrends ; AI and international law in the digital age ; blockchain and aviation; drones ; aviation and telecommunications ; aviation and the Internet ; cybersecurity ; and digital identification of passengers & privacy. In turn, the book suggests how we can best manage this transition." Preface 5 Contents 9 Chapter 1: Aerospace and Its Limits 12 1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 Jurisdictional Issues 14 1.3 Aerospace and Cyberspace 19 References 23 Chapter 2: International Aviation and Megatrends 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 The Global Economy 26 2.3 Scope of Air Transport 29 2.4 Innovative Technology 31 2.5 Rapid Urbanization 38 2.6 Demographic Change 40 2.7 Environmental Protection/Climate Change 42 2.8 Global Connectivity 49 2.9 Conclusion 52 References 53 Chapter 3: The Digital Age 54 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Augmented Reality 55 3.3 Artificial Intelligence 58 3.3.1 Technical Issues 60 3.3.2 Ethical Issues 62 References 65 Chapter 4: International Law in the Digital Age 66 4.1 Introduction 66 4.2 The Digital World and International Law 68 4.2.1 The Inflexion Point 68 4.2.2 ICAO at the Inflexion Point 69 4.2.2.1 Recognizing the Problem 71 4.2.2.2 The Resolutions 72 Air Navigation 72 Air Transport 74 Aviation Security 76 Safety 79 Aviation and Climate Change 79 Resource Mobilization 80 What ICAO Must Do 81 Methodology Suggested 82 Concluding Suggestions 83 References 84 Chapter 5: Digital Crisis and the Boeing 737 MAX 8 Aircraft 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Ramifications of the Grounding of the MAX 8 87 5.3 Regulatory Aspects of Airworthiness 89 5.4 Liability Issues 93 5.4.1 General Principles 93 5.4.2 Manufacturing Defects 95 5.4.3 Breach of Contract 96 5.4.4 Design Defects 98 5.4.5 Failure to Warn 102 5.4.6 Air Carrier Liability 108 5.5 Responsibilities of the State as Regulator 110 5.6 Liability of Boeing 114 5.7 Conclusion 117 Chapter 6: Blockchain and Aviation 118 6.1 Introduction 118 6.2 Blockchain and Airlines 121 6.3 Blockchain and Airports 122 6.4 Traveller Identity and Cyber Security 123 6.5 United Nations Initiatives and State Responsibility 124 6.6 Conclusion 128 References 129 Chapter 7: Drones 130 7.1 Introduction 130 7.2 ICAO Guidelines 132 7.2.1 The Manual 132 7.2.2 Application of Annex 2 to The Chicago Convention 136 7.2.3 Human v. Digital 140 Reference 141 Chapter 8: The Chicago Convention in the Digital World 142 8.1 State Sovereignty 142 8.2 Article 3 bis 146 8.3 Article 4 148 8.4 Article 8 151 8.5 Article 13 151 8.6 Article 29 154 References 158 Chapter 9: Aviation and Telecommunications in the Digital World 159 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Annex 10 (Aeronautical Communications) 162 9.2.1 Authorized and Unauthorized Access 162 9.2.2 Acceptance and Transmission and Delivery of Messages 167 9.3 Annex 11: Air Traffic Services 169 9.4 Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services 174 9.5 Some Concluding Remarks 176 References 179 Chapter 10: Aviation and Cybersecurity in the Digital World 180 10.1 Introduction 180 10.1.1 ICAO ́S Work 180 10.1.2 Work of the United Nations 183 10.1.2.1 Resolution 2309 183 10.1.2.2 Resolution 2395 185 10.1.2.3 Resolution 2396 187 10.1.2.4 General United Nations Resolutions 190 10.1.2.5 The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime of 2001 199 10.1.2.6 Legal Aspects of Cybersecurity 200 10.2 United States Law 204 10.3 European Law 210 10.4 Canada 213 10.5 Cyberwarfare and Aviation 213 Chapter 11: Digital Identification of the Passenger and Issues of Privacy 219 11.1 Regulatory Provisions 219 11.1.1 Annex 9 219 11.1.2 Moral and Ethical Questions 224 11.2 Privacy Issues 227 11.2.1 Introduction 227 11.2.2 The Legal and Regulatory Regime 230 11.2.2.1 United Nations Resolutions 230 11.2.2.2 ICAO ́s Work 235 Resolution A40-16 Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO Policies Related to Facilitation 235 Guidelines for the Protection of Privacy 236 11.2.2.3 Laws and Judicial Decisions 238 Chapter 12: Aviation and the Internet 243 12.1 Introduction 243 12.1.1 5G and IoT 243 12.1.2 Impact on the Airline Industry 247 12.2 Legal and Regulatory Issues 250 References 257 Chapter 13: Conclusion 258 References 262 Appendix A: Cyber Security Information Sharing Act 263 Appendix B: Convention on Cybercrime 310 Appendix C: Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030 333 Appendix D: Directive 2013/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council 340 Appendix E: Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council 353 Preface......Page 5 Contents......Page 9 1.1 Introduction......Page 12 1.2 Jurisdictional Issues......Page 14 1.3 Aerospace and Cyberspace......Page 19 References......Page 23 2.1 Introduction......Page 24 2.2 The Global Economy......Page 26 2.3 Scope of Air Transport......Page 29 2.4 Innovative Technology......Page 31 2.5 Rapid Urbanization......Page 38 2.6 Demographic Change......Page 40 2.7 Environmental Protection/Climate Change......Page 42 2.8 Global Connectivity......Page 49 2.9 Conclusion......Page 52 References......Page 53 3.1 Introduction......Page 54 3.2 Augmented Reality......Page 55 3.3 Artificial Intelligence......Page 58 3.3.1 Technical Issues......Page 60 3.3.2 Ethical Issues......Page 62 References......Page 65 4.1 Introduction......Page 66 4.2.1 The Inflexion Point......Page 68 4.2.2 ICAO at the Inflexion Point......Page 69 4.2.2.1 Recognizing the Problem......Page 71 Air Navigation......Page 72 Air Transport......Page 74 Aviation Security......Page 76 Aviation and Climate Change......Page 79 Resource Mobilization......Page 80 What ICAO Must Do......Page 81 Methodology Suggested......Page 82 Concluding Suggestions......Page 83 References......Page 84 5.1 Introduction......Page 85 5.2 Ramifications of the Grounding of the MAX 8......Page 87 5.3 Regulatory Aspects of Airworthiness......Page 89 5.4.1 General Principles......Page 93 5.4.2 Manufacturing Defects......Page 95 5.4.3 Breach of Contract......Page 96 5.4.4 Design Defects......Page 98 5.4.5 Failure to Warn......Page 102 5.4.6 Air Carrier Liability......Page 108 5.5 Responsibilities of the State as Regulator......Page 110 5.6 Liability of Boeing......Page 114 5.7 Conclusion......Page 117 6.1 Introduction......Page 118 6.2 Blockchain and Airlines......Page 121 6.3 Blockchain and Airports......Page 122 6.4 Traveller Identity and Cyber Security......Page 123 6.5 United Nations Initiatives and State Responsibility......Page 124 6.6 Conclusion......Page 128 References......Page 129 7.1 Introduction......Page 130 7.2.1 The Manual......Page 132 7.2.2 Application of Annex 2 to The Chicago Convention......Page 136 7.2.3 Human v. Digital......Page 140 Reference......Page 141 8.1 State Sovereignty......Page 142 8.2 Article 3 bis......Page 146 8.3 Article 4......Page 148 8.5 Article 13......Page 151 8.6 Article 29......Page 154 References......Page 158 9.1 Introduction......Page 159 9.2.1 Authorized and Unauthorized Access......Page 162 9.2.2 Acceptance and Transmission and Delivery of Messages......Page 167 9.3 Annex 11: Air Traffic Services......Page 169 9.4 Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services......Page 174 9.5 Some Concluding Remarks......Page 176 References......Page 179 10.1.1 ICAO ́S Work......Page 180 10.1.2.1 Resolution 2309......Page 183 10.1.2.2 Resolution 2395......Page 185 10.1.2.3 Resolution 2396......Page 187 10.1.2.4 General United Nations Resolutions......Page 190 10.1.2.5 The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime of 2001......Page 199 10.1.2.6 Legal Aspects of Cybersecurity......Page 200 10.2 United States Law......Page 204 10.3 European Law......Page 210 10.5 Cyberwarfare and Aviation......Page 213 11.1.1 Annex 9......Page 219 11.1.2 Moral and Ethical Questions......Page 224 11.2.1 Introduction......Page 227 11.2.2.1 United Nations Resolutions......Page 230 Resolution A40-16 Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO Policies Related to Facilitation......Page 235 Guidelines for the Protection of Privacy......Page 236 11.2.2.3 Laws and Judicial Decisions......Page 238 12.1.1 5G and IoT......Page 243 12.1.2 Impact on the Airline Industry......Page 247 12.2 Legal and Regulatory Issues......Page 250 References......Page 257 Chapter 13: Conclusion......Page 258 References......Page 262 Appendix A: Cyber Security Information Sharing Act......Page 263 Appendix B: Convention on Cybercrime......Page 310 Appendix C: Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030......Page 333 Appendix D: Directive 2013/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council......Page 340 Appendix E: Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council......Page 353 La 4ème de couverture indique : "All of the topics discussed in this book - from sovereignty to cybercrime, and from drones to the identification of passengers & privacy - are profoundly affected by algorithms; so are air traffic services and aeronautical communications. All of these aviation-related aspects are addressed in a 75-year-old treaty called the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, which, as this book argues, needs to be reviewed with a focus on its relevance and applicability in connection with Moore's Law, which posits that transistors in computer microchips double in speed, power and performance every two years, while the cost of computers is halved during the same period. Firstly, in terms of traditional territorial sovereignty, we have arrived at a point where there is a concept of data sovereignty and ownership that raises issues of privacy. Data transmission becomes ambivalent in terms of territorial sovereignty, and the Westphalian model may not be the perfect answer. Whether it be the manufacture of airplanes, the transfer of data on individuals, or the transmission of aeronautical and telecommunications information - all have to be carried out in accordance with the same fundamental principle : duty of care. Against the backdrop of the relevant provisions of the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, the detailed analysis presented here covers key areas such as: megatrends ; AI and international law in the digital age ; blockchain and aviation; drones ; aviation and telecommunications ; aviation and the Internet ; cybersecurity ; and digital identification of passengers & privacy. In turn, the book suggests how we can best manage this transition."