Avian Anatomy 2nd Edition: Textbook and Colour Atlas

Bringing together annotated images and anatomical terms, this reference book is a unique combination of a practical, clinically oriented textbook and pictorial atlas of avian anatomy. Containing very high quality photographs, including histological and radiographic images and schematic diagrams, this edition focuses on ornamental birds and poultry. Among the various species examined are chickens, ducks and geese, as well as budgerigars, psitaccines and many others. In addition, wild bird species such as the common buzzard and falcon are taken into account and raptors are featured in a dedicated new chapter. Translated from Anatomie der Vögel, first published by Schattauer, Avian Anatomy is an ideal book for veterinary practitioners and students. Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Foreword Translator’s note Authors Abbreviations and directional terms 1 Introduction History of avian anatomy Overview of the locomotion and anatomy of birds Feathers Skeletal adaptations for locomotion Types of locomotion Flight Land- and water-based locomotion Digestive system Respiratory system Urogenital apparatus Avian egg and incubation period Cardiovascular system Brain and sense organs Locomotor apparatus Skeleton (systema skeletale) Osteology (osteologia) Structure of mature bone Types of bone Arthrology (syndesmologia) Myology (myologia) 2 Head and trunk Skeleton of the head Bones of the head Cranium (ossa cranii) Skeleton of the face (ossa faciei) Joints of the head Muscles of the head Skeleton of the trunk Vertebral column (columna vertebralis) Cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales) Thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae) Synsacrum Caudal vertebrae (vertebrae caudales) Ribs (costae) Sternum Joints of the trunk Joints of the vertebral column (juncturae columnae vertebralis) Joints of the ribs (juncturae costarum) Joints of the sternum (juncturae sterni) Muscles of the trunk (musculi trunci) Muscles of the vertebral column (musculi vertebrales) Muscles of the thoracic and abdominal walls (musculi thoracis et abdominis) Muscles of the tail (musculi caudae) Clinical aspects 3 Thoracic limb (membrum thoracicum) Skeleton of the pectoral girdle and wing Skeleton of the pectoral girdle (Ossa cinguli membri thoracici) Coracoid bone (os coracoideum) Scapula Clavicle (clavicula) Skeleton of the wing (ossa alae) Humerus Ulna and radius Carpal bones (ossa carpi) Metacarpal bones (ossa metacarpalia) Bones of the digits (ossa digitorum manus) Joints of the pectoral girdle and wing Joints of the pectoral girdle (juncturae cinguli membri thoracici) Joints of the wing (juncturae alae) Shoulder joint (articulatio humeri) Elbow joint (juncturae cubiti) Joints of the carpus and manus (juncturae carpi et manus) Muscles of the pectoral girdle and wing Clinical aspects 4 Pelvic limb (membrum pelvinum) Skeleton of the pelvic girdle and pelvic limb Skeleton of the pelvic girdle (ossa cinguli membri pelvici) Ilium (os ilium) Ischium (os ischii) Pubis (os pubis) Skeleton of the pelvic limb (ossa membri pelvici) Femur (os femoris) Tibiotarsus Fibula Tarsometatarsus Digits Joints of the pelvic girdle and pelvic limb Joints of the pelvic girdle (juncturae cinguli membri pelvici) Joints of the pelvic limb (juncturae membri pelvici) Knee joint (juncturae genus) Intertarsal joint (articulatio intertarsalis) Joints of the metatarsal bones Metatarsophalangeal joints (articulationes metatarsophalangeales) Interphalangeal joints (articulationes interphalangeales) Muscles of the pelvic limb Clinical aspects 5 Body cavities Clinical aspects 6 Digestive system (apparatus digestorius) Oral cavity (cavum oris) and pharynx Beak, bill (rostrum) Roof of the oral cavity and pharynx (oropharynx) Floor of the oral cavity Floor of the pharynx Salivary glands (glandulae salivariae) Swallowing Alimentary canal (canalis alimentarius) Oesophagus Crop (ingluvies) Stomach (gaster) Proventriculus (glandular stomach, pars glandularis) Muscular stomach (ventriculus, pars muscularis) Tunica mucosa gastris Tunica muscularis gastris Intestine (intestinum) Gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) Small intestine (intestinum tenue) Duodenum Jejunum and ileum Large intestine (intestinum crassum) Caeca Rectum Cloaca Glands associated with the alimentary canal Liver (hepar) Porta hepatis Attachments of the liver Gallbladder (vesica fellea) Pancreas Clinical aspects 7 Respiratory system (apparatus respiratorius) Nasal cavity (cavum nasi) Larynx Trachea Syrinx Lung (pulmo) Bronchial system and gas exchange Air sacs (sacci pneumatici, sacci aerophori) Clinical aspects 8 Urinary system (organa urinaria) Kidney (nephros, ren) Structure of the kidney Structure of renal lobules Renal corpuscle (corpusculum renis, Malpighian body) and nephron Tubules and collecting ducts Juxtaglomerular apparatus Urine formation Ureter Clinical aspects 9 Male genital organs (organa genitalia masculina) Testis (orchis) Structure of the testis Epididymis Deferent duct (ductus deferens) Phallus (penis, phallus masculinus) Accessory structures of the phallus Clinical aspects 10 Female genital organs (organa genitalia feminina) Ovary (ovarium) Oogenesis Oviduct (oviductus) Infundibulum Magnum Isthmus Uterus (metra) Vagina Structure of the avian egg Clinical aspects 11 Cardiovascular system (systema cardiovasculare) Heart (cor) Blood vessels of the heart Conduction system of the heart Pulmonary vessels Systemic arteries Brachiocephalic trunk (truncus brachiocephalicus) Visceral branches of the descending aorta Renal arteries Arteries of the pelvic limb Ischiadic artery Arteries of the pelvic region Systemic veins Veins of the wing Caudal vena cava (vena cava caudalis) Hepatic portal system Renal portal system Clinical aspects 12 Immune system and lymphatic organs (organa lymphopoetica) Lymphatic vessels (systema lymphovasculare) Lymph heart (cor lymphaticum) Avian lymph nodes and mural lymphoreticular formations Avian lymph nodes Mural lymphoreticular formations Lymphatic organs (thymus, cloacal bursa and spleen) Thymus Cloacal bursa (bursa cloacalis, bursa Fabricii) Spleen (lien, splen) Clinical aspects 13 Nervous system (systema nervosum) Central nervous system (systema nervosum centrale) Spinal cord (medulla spinalis) Brain (encephalon) Nuclei of the medulla oblongata and pons Metencephalon Mesencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon Ventricles of the brain (ventriculi cerebri) Meninges and meningeal blood vessels Peripheral nervous system (systema nervosum periphericum) Cranial nerves (nervi craniales) Olfactory nerve (I) Optic nerve (II) Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducent nerve (VI) Facial nerve (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Spinal nerves (nervi spinales) Brachial plexus (plexus brachialis) Lumbosacral plexus (plexus lumbosacralis) Lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis) Sacral plexus (plexus sacralis) Pudendal plexus (plexus pudendus) Caudal plexus (plexus caudae) Autonomic nervous system (systema nervosum autonomicum) Sympathetic system Parasympathetic system Clinical aspects 14 Endocrine glands (glandulae endocrinae) Hypophysis, pituitary gland (glandula pituitaria) Epiphysis, pineal gland (glandula pinealis) Thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) Parathyroid gland (glandula parathyroidea) Ultimobranchial body (glandula ultimobranchialis) Adrenal gland (glandula adrenalis) Pancreatic islets (insulae pancreaticae) Gonads (testis, ovarium) Clinical aspects 15 The eye (organum visus) Orbit (orbita) Eyeball, bulb (bulbus oculi) Size, shape and position Structure of the eyeball Outer fibrous layer (tunica fibrosa or externa bulbi) Sclera Cornea Middle vascular layer (tunica vasculosa or media bulbi, uvea) Iris Ciliary body (corpus ciliare) Choroid (choroidea) Inner layer (tunica interna bulbi, retina) Optic nerve (nervus opticus) Pecten (pecten oculi) Internal structures of the eye Lens Anterior and posterior chambers (camera anterior and posterior bulbi) and aqueous humour (humor aquosus) Vitreous body (corpus vitreum; camera vitrea bulbi) Adnexa of the eye (organa oculi accessoria) Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball Eyelids (palpebrae) Lacrimal apparatus (apparatus lacrimalis) Innervation of the eye Blood vessels of the eye Clinical aspects Ophthalmic examination History Observation and vision testing General ophthalmic examination Specialised ophthalmic examination 16 The ear (organum vestibulocochleare) External ear (auris externa) Middle ear (auris media) Internal ear (auris interna) Clinical aspects 17 Common integument (integumentum commune) Featherless body regions Skin glands Accessory cutaneous structures Patagia Interdigital webs Rhamphotheca and cere Scales Pads Claws Spurs Feathered body regions Feathers Feather structure Types of feathers Feather replacement and moulting Blood supply and innervation of the skin Clinical aspects 18 Clinical examination History and signalment Observation Physical examination Further investigation Laboratory techniques 19 Imaging techniques Photography Radiography Principles of radiographic image acquisition Positioning for the ventrodorsal view Procedure Positioning for the lateral view Procedure Potential complications Contrast radiography Sonography (ultrasound) Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging 20 Handling, restraint and anaesthesia Theoretical principles Respiratory dynamics Thermoregulation Reflex activity and heart rate Skeleton Methods Preparation Capture of the patient Restraint Thumb and finger restraint Method Application Potential sources of error Thumb and two-finger restraint (helmet grip) Method Application Potential sources of error Two-finger restraint (‘ringer’s hold’) Method Application Potential sources of error Restraining pigeons Method Application Potential sources of error Holding pigeons for examination of the thoracic and pelvic limbs Examination of the thoracic limbs Method Application Potential sources of error Examination of the pelvic limbs Method Application Potential sources of error ‘Bunch of flowers’ grip Method Application Potential sources of error Restraint of chickens, raptors and waterfowl Fixation for surgery Methods Detaching biting or grasping birds Anaesthesia Management of shock Analgesia and pain management 21 Medication and blood collection techniques Theoretical principles Administering medications Methods Restraining the patient Preventing haemorrhage and achieving haemostasis Disinfection of the skin Needle and injectate specifications Methods of administration Tube or crop needle Application Restraint Method Potential sources of error Application of drops to the nares or conjunctiva Application Method Potential sources of error Intramuscular injection M. supracoracoideus Application Restraint Method M. iliotibialis lateralis Application Restraint Method Subcutaneous administration Nape of the neck Application Restraint Method Pre-crural fold Lateral flank Intracutaneous and percutaneous administration Wing-web method Application and patient restraint Method Feather follicle method Application and patient restraint Method Spot-on method Application Method Application of creams and powders Intraosseous (intramedullary) administration Application Method Intravenous injection and blood collection Jugular vein Application Restraint Injection and blood collection procedure Plantar superficial metatarsal vein Application Restraint Injection and blood collection procedure Cutaneous thoracoabdominal vein Application Injection and blood collection procedure Ulnar vein Application Restraint Injection and blood collection procedure Euthanasia Cardiac puncture Application Restraint Injection and blood collection procedure Intrapulmonary injection Application Method Disadvantages 22 Endoscopy Indications Equipment Method Contraindications 23 Surgical fracture management General principles Clinical principles Techniques Bandaging techniques 24 Falconry and raptor medicine Glossary of terms Bibliography Index Bringing together annotated images and anatomical terms, this reference book is a unique combination of a practical, clinically oriented textbook and pictorial atlas of avian anatomy. Containing very high quality photographs, including histological and radiographic images, and schematic diagrams, this edition focuses on ornamental birds and poultry. Among the various species examined are chickens, ducks, and geese, as well as budgerigars, psitaccines and many others. Wild bird species, such as the common buzzard and falcon, are included. Raptors are featured in a dedicated new chapter. Translated from Anatomie der Voegel, first published by Schattauer, this edition of Avian Anatomy is an ideal book for veterinary practitioners and students. *** "...a wealth of knowledge. Aside from anatomy, the book contains 7 chapters that are dedicated to clinically relevant topics, such as diagnostic imaging techniques, restraint and handling, and medication techniques. This book is an excellent reference for avian veterinarians, poultry specialists, veterinary students, and others interested in enhancing their knowledge of avian anatomy." --Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 252, No. 6, March 15, 2018[Subject: Veterinary Medicine, Avian Health] Bringing together annotated images and anatomical descriptions, this reference book is a unique combination of a practical, clinically oriented textbook and pictorial atlas of avian anatomy. It contains very high quality photographs, including histological and radiographic images and schematic diagrams.