Avery's Diseases of the Newborn: Expert Consult - Online and Print, 9th Edition

Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn, edited by Christine A. Gleason and Sherin U. Devaskar, is a practical, clinical reference for diagnosing and managing of all the important diseases affecting newborns. Thoroughly revised by a team of new editors, this edition provides new perspectives and updated coverage of genetics, nutrition, respiratory conditions, MRSA, neonatal pain, cardiovascular fetal interventions, care of the late preterm infant, and more. You can also access the fully searchable text and downloadable images online at www.expertconsult.com, making this authoritative reference ideal as a clinical resource or subspecialty review tool. • Treat newborns effectively with focused coverage of diagnosis and management, including pertinent developmental physiology and the pathogenesis of neonatal problems. • Meet every challenge you face in neonatology with Avery’s authoritative, comprehensive clinical resource and subspecialty review tool. • Navigate quickly and easily with extensive cross-referencing throughout the organ-related sections. • Access the fully searchable text online at www.expertconsult.com, along with a downloadable image gallery. • Stay current with coverage of hot topics including MRSA, neonatal pain, cardiovascular fetal interventions, care of the late preterm infant, and the developing intestinal microbiome. • Tap into the fresh perspectives of new editors who provide extensive updates throughout, particularly on genetic and respiratory disorders. • Apply the latest nutritional findings with thorough discussions of this valuable information in the more comprehensive nutrition section. • Master the fundamentals of neonatology through the greater emphasis on developmental biology and pathobiology. Fully understand neonatology with Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn - THE authoritative, clinical, and practical reference. Cover......Page 1 Avery's Diseases of the Newborn: Expert Consult......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Contributors......Page 6 Preface......Page 14 Dedication......Page 16 Key Population Mortality Rates......Page 17 Time Trends in Mortality Rates in the United States......Page 18 Major Morbidities Related to the Perinatal Period......Page 20 Health States In Pregnancy......Page 21 Cohort Studies in Pregnancy and Birth......Page 22 Summary......Page 24 Suggested Readings......Page 25 Biomedical and Health Informatics......Page 26 Databases......Page 27 Electronic Health Record......Page 29 Evaluating Therapeutic Recommendations......Page 31 Online Information Retrieval......Page 32 Suggested Readings......Page 33 Data......Page 34 Policy......Page 35 Baby Doe Regulations......Page 36 Expanded Newborn Screening......Page 37 Suggested Readings......Page 38 Child Mortality......Page 39 Epidemiology of Neonatal Mortality (Before 28 Days)......Page 42 Maternal Risk Factors for Neonatal Death......Page 43 Direct Causes of Neonatal Death......Page 44 Neonatal Sepsis and Pneumonia......Page 45 Asphyxia......Page 47 Providing a Continuum of Care......Page 48 Resources......Page 49 Funding......Page 50 The Way Forward: Data, Collaboration, Evaluation, and Involvement......Page 51 Suggested Readings......Page 52 Embryologic Development of the Placenta......Page 53 Examination of the Placenta......Page 54 Functions of the Placenta......Page 55 Trophoblast Differentiation and Remodeling of Spiral Arteries......Page 57 Phenotypic and Functional Features of Uterine Natural Killer Cells......Page 58 Epigenetic Regulation in the Placenta......Page 61 Preeclampsia......Page 63 Preterm Birth......Page 64 Fetal Membranes and their Pathology......Page 65 Suggested Readings......Page 66 Definitions......Page 67 Placental Causes of Growth Restriction......Page 68 Maternal Causes of Growth Restriction......Page 69 Smoking......Page 70 Developmental Outcomes: Early Childhood......Page 71 Role of Catch-up Growth......Page 72 Genetics versus Environment......Page 73 Macrosomia......Page 74 Suggested Readings......Page 75 Zygosity and Chorionicity......Page 76 Zona Pellucida Manipulation......Page 77 Ovarian Stimulation......Page 78 Fetal Complications Associated With Multiples......Page 79 Psychosocial Factors......Page 80 Decreasing the Risk of Multiples......Page 81 Suggested Readings......Page 82 Normal Fluid Homeostasis......Page 83 Derangements in Fluid Homeostasis......Page 85 Prenatal Management......Page 86 Intensive Care of the Infant With Hydrops Fetalis......Page 87 Clinical Course and Outcome......Page 88 Suggested Readings......Page 89 Normal Maternal Glucose Regulation......Page 91 Macrosomia......Page 92 Pathophysiology......Page 93 Classifying and Diagnosing Diabetes in Pregnancy......Page 94 Gestational Diabetes......Page 95 Birth Injury......Page 96 Hypertrophic and Congestive Cardiomyopathy......Page 97 Preeclampsia......Page 98 Principles of Glucose Monitoring......Page 99 Oral Hypoglycemic Therapy......Page 100 Prenatal Obstetric Management......Page 101 Choosing the Timing and Route of Delivery......Page 102 Maternal Thyroid Function......Page 103 Diagnosis......Page 104 Effects on the Newborn......Page 105 Neonatal Neurologic Development......Page 106 Suggested Readings......Page 107 Maternal Seizure Disorders......Page 108 Genetics......Page 109 Pathogenesis......Page 110 Monitoring......Page 111 Principles......Page 113 Chemotherapy......Page 114 Cervical Cancer......Page 115 Breast Cancer......Page 116 Depression......Page 117 Schizophrenia......Page 119 Suggested Readings......Page 120 Antihypertensive Treatment of Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy......Page 121 Antenatal Fetal Surveillance in Chronic Hypertension......Page 122 Etiology......Page 123 Prevention......Page 124 Antepartum Management......Page 125 Suggested Readings......Page 126 Epidemiology of Specific Substances......Page 127 Complications of Pregnancy......Page 129 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome......Page 130 Fetal Growth......Page 132 Complications of Pregnancy......Page 133 Complications of Pregnancy......Page 134 Complications of Pregnancy......Page 135 Babies......Page 136 Maternal Methadone Maintenance......Page 137 General......Page 138 BreastFeeding and Drug Exposure......Page 139 Clinical Findings......Page 140 Treatment......Page 141 Neurobehavioral Abnormalities......Page 142 Suggested Readings......Page 144 Technology......Page 145 Indications and Timing......Page 146 Ultrasound: Second and Third Trimesters......Page 147 Cardiotocography......Page 148 Contraction Stress Test......Page 149 Ultrasound......Page 150 Growth Assessment......Page 151 Biophysical Profile......Page 153 Doppler......Page 154 Suggested Readings......Page 155 Sociodemographic and Community Contributors......Page 156 Fetal Fibronectin......Page 158 Progesterone......Page 159 Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes......Page 160 Suggested Readings......Page 161 Cesarean Section......Page 162 Indications For Use Of Obstetric Forceps......Page 163 Forceps And Potential Neonatal Morbidity......Page 164 Vacuum Delivery: Indications, Uses, And Comparison With Forceps Procedures......Page 165 Shoulder Dystocia......Page 168 Vaginal Breech Delivery......Page 169 Vertex-Nonvertex......Page 171 Higher-Order Multiple Gestations......Page 172 Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: Neonatal Issues......Page 173 Suggested Readings......Page 174 Changes in Maternal Physiology and The Implications......Page 175 Uterine and Fetal Circulation......Page 176 Systemic Medications......Page 177 Opioid Analgesics......Page 178 Neuraxial (Regional) Analgesia......Page 179 Neuraxial Techniques for Labor Analgesia......Page 180 Epidural Analgesia......Page 181 Combined Spinal-Epidural Analgesia......Page 182 Contraindications and Complications of Neuraxial Techniques......Page 183 Spinal Anesthesia......Page 184 Induction Agents......Page 185 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents......Page 186 Suggested Readings......Page 187 History Of The Human Genome Project......Page 189 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms......Page 190 Hapmap And Genome-Wide Association......Page 191 Comparative Genomic Hybridization......Page 192 Individualized Genetic Information......Page 193 Gene Therapy......Page 194 Suggested Readings......Page 195 Aneuploidy Screening......Page 196 Nuchal Translucency Measurement......Page 197 Second Trimester......Page 198 Amniocentesis......Page 199 Chorionic Villus Sampling......Page 200 Suggested Readings......Page 201 Prenatal......Page 202 Pedigree Analysis and Family History......Page 203 Physical Examination for Dysmorphology......Page 204 Adjunct Studies......Page 207 Literature Review......Page 208 Diagnosis......Page 210 Suggested Readings......Page 211 Human Karyotype......Page 212 Clinical Features......Page 213 Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)......Page 215 Clinical Features......Page 216 Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (4p-)......Page 217 Segmental Duplications and Microdeletion Syndromes......Page 218 Williams-Beuren Syndrome (7q11.2 Deletion)......Page 219 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome......Page 220 New Microdeletion and Microduplication Syndromes......Page 221 Prader-Willi Syndrome......Page 222 Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome......Page 223 Suggested Readings......Page 224 21 - Introduction to Metabolic and Biochemical Genetic Disease......Page 225 Classification of Inborn Errors of Metabolism......Page 226 Emergency Treatment......Page 229 Galactose-1-Phosphate-Uridyltransferase Deficiency......Page 231 Glucose-6-Phosphatase Deficiency......Page 233 Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Deficiency......Page 234 Inborn Errors of Ammonia Metabolism......Page 235 Branched-Chain 2-Keto Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency......Page 237 Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Deficiency......Page 239 Methionine Synthetase Deficiency, other Disorders of Homocysteine Remethylation and Cystathionine Synthase Deficiency......Page 240 Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency......Page 241 l-Methylmalonyl–Coenzyme A Mutase Deficiency......Page 242 Isovaleryl–Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency......Page 244 Glutaryl–Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency......Page 245 Glutaric Acidemia Type 2 or Multiple Acyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency......Page 246 Very-Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency......Page 247 Carnitine Transporter Defect and Deficiencies of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I and II and Acylcarnitine Translocase......Page 248 Defects in Ketone Metabolism......Page 249 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency......Page 250 Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain or Electron Transport Chain Defects......Page 251 Lethal Infantile Mitochondrial Disease......Page 252 Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy or Leigh Disease......Page 253 Suggested Readings......Page 254 Lysosomal Storage Disorders......Page 255 Etiology......Page 257 Clinical Features......Page 260 Clinical Features......Page 261 Clinical Features......Page 262 Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis......Page 263 Etiology......Page 265 Clinical Features......Page 266 Disorders of Peroxisome Biogenesis......Page 268 Zellweger Syndrome......Page 269 Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis of Peroxisomal Disorders......Page 270 Etiology......Page 271 Treatment......Page 272 Suggested Readings......Page 273 Approach to Diagnosis......Page 274 Presentation......Page 277 Inheritance......Page 278 Management......Page 279 Radiolographic Features......Page 280 Management......Page 282 Radiolographic Features......Page 283 Etiology......Page 284 Etiology......Page 285 Management......Page 286 Management......Page 287 Differential Diagnosis......Page 288 Etiology......Page 289 Etiology......Page 290 Inheritance......Page 291 Suggested Readings......Page 292 History......Page 293 Targeted or Problem-Directed Examination......Page 295 Clinical Approach to the Newborn Examination......Page 296 Skin......Page 299 Head......Page 304 Eyes......Page 306 Mouth and Oral Cavity......Page 307 Lungs and Respiration......Page 308 Cardiovascular......Page 309 Abdomen......Page 310 Examination of the Hips......Page 311 Neurologic Examination......Page 312 Neonatal Reflexes......Page 313 Cranial Nerves......Page 314 Online Resources......Page 315 Initial Assessment......Page 316 Newborn Metabolic Screening......Page 317 Central Nervous System Findings......Page 318 Car Seat Trials......Page 319 Vitamin K......Page 320 Hepatitis B Vaccine......Page 321 Nutritional Composition of Human Milk......Page 322 Promotion of Breastfeeding......Page 323 Anticipatory Guidance......Page 324 Discharge and Follow-Up......Page 325 Defecation......Page 326 Jaundice......Page 327 Respiratory Complications......Page 328 Group B Streptococcus Screening and Intrapartum Antibiotics......Page 329 Assessment of Term Newborn for Possible Sepsis......Page 330 Suggested Reading......Page 331 Specimen......Page 332 Specimen Collection Procedure......Page 333 Screening Tests......Page 334 Physician Contact for Abnormal Results......Page 335 Amino Acid Disorders......Page 337 Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Other Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders......Page 338 Biotinidase Deficiency......Page 339 Sickle Cell Disease......Page 340 False-Positive Results......Page 341 Increased Detection by Screening......Page 342 Suggested Reading......Page 343 Fetal Transition to Extrauterine Life......Page 344 Environment and Preparation......Page 346 Initial Steps: Temperature Management and Maintaining the Airway......Page 348 Assisting Ventilation......Page 350 Transitional Oxygenation and Oxygen Use......Page 352 Assisting Circulation......Page 353 Neonatal Response to Maternal Anesthesia and Analgesia......Page 354 Limits of Viability......Page 355 Care after Resuscitation......Page 356 Regionalization of Neonatal Care, Transfer Agreements, and Back Transport......Page 357 Medical Supervision......Page 358 Transport Personnel, Education, and Team Composition......Page 359 Quality Improvement......Page 360 Transport Safety......Page 361 Medical Legal Issues......Page 362 Thermoregulation......Page 363 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn, Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Transport, and Extracorp.........Page 364 Perinatal Depression and Therapeutic Hypothermia......Page 365 Stabilization and Transport of the Neonate with Congenital Heart Disease......Page 366 Considerations of Therapies in the Neonate with Congenital Heart Disease......Page 367 Prostaglandin E1 Therapy......Page 368 Inotropic Therapy......Page 369 Transport of the Neonate With Congenital Heart Disease......Page 370 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheo Esophageal Fistula......Page 371 Suggested Reading......Page 372 Afferents......Page 373 Thermal Neutral Zone......Page 374 Partitioning Infant Heat Losses and Heat Gains......Page 375 Hybrid Incubator-Radiant Warmer Technology......Page 376 Giraffe Omnibed......Page 377 Kangaroo Care......Page 378 Problem of Temperature Elevation......Page 379 Management......Page 380 Therapeutic Hypothermia for Brain Protection Following Neonatal Asphyxia......Page 381 Suggested Reading......Page 382 Changes in the Postnatal Period......Page 383 Regulation of the Intracellular Solute and Water Compartment......Page 384 Maturation of the Skin......Page 386 Brain (or B-type) Natriuretic Peptide......Page 387 Assessment of Fluid and Electrolyte Status......Page 388 Management of Water Requirements......Page 389 Sodium and Potassium Homeostasis and Management......Page 390 Hypernatremia......Page 391 Potassium Homeostasis and Management......Page 393 Extreme Prematurity......Page 394 Chronic Lung Disease or Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia......Page 396 Growing Premature Infant With Negative Sodium Balance......Page 397 Surgical Conditions......Page 398 Physiology of Acid-Base Balance Regulation......Page 399 General Principles......Page 400 Metabolic Acidosis......Page 401 Metabolic Alkalosis......Page 404 Suggested Reading......Page 405 Epidemiology......Page 406 Perinatal Management......Page 407 Prenatal Consultation......Page 408 Delivery Room......Page 409 Admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit......Page 410 Skin Care......Page 411 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure......Page 412 High-Frequency Ventilation......Page 413 Inhaled Nitric Oxide......Page 414 Enteral Nutrition......Page 415 Early-Onset Infections......Page 416 Late-Onset Infections......Page 417 Neurosensory Complications......Page 418 Developmental and Parental Care......Page 419 Future Directions......Page 420 Definition......Page 421 Respiratory......Page 422 Nutrition......Page 425 Hypoglycemia......Page 426 Infectious Diseases......Page 427 Thermoregulation......Page 428 Hospitalization of the Late Preterm Infant......Page 429 Admission Criteria......Page 430 Follow-up after Discharge......Page 431 Longterm Outcome......Page 432 Absorption......Page 433 Metabolism......Page 434 Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics......Page 435 First-Order Kinetics......Page 436 Apparent Single-Compartment, First-Order Kinetics......Page 437 Population Pharmacokinetics......Page 438 Pharmacokinetic-Based Dosing......Page 439 Clearance......Page 440 Estimated Dose Adjustments......Page 441 Drug-Induced Illness......Page 442 Reduction and Prevention of Medication Errors in Newborn Care......Page 443 Suggested Reading......Page 444 Development of Public Policy......Page 445 Ontogeny and Development of Pain and Stress Responses......Page 446 Infant Pain Scores......Page 448 Long-Term Consequences of Neonatal Pain and Stress......Page 450 Postoperative Pain Management Strategies......Page 451 Blood Sampling and Monitoring......Page 452 Other Invasive Procedures......Page 453 Morphine......Page 454 Experimental Animal Studies......Page 455 Benzodiazepines......Page 456 Iatrogenic Drug Dependence, Tolerance, Withdrawal......Page 457 Summary......Page 458 Suggested Reading......Page 460 Maternal and Placental Immunology......Page 461 Strategies for Immunologic Evasion At The Maternal-Fetal Interface......Page 462 Role Of Regulatory T Cells In Pregnancy......Page 464 Complement......Page 465 Natural Killer Cells......Page 468 Monocytes and Macrophages......Page 469 T Lymphocytes......Page 470 Regulatory T Cells......Page 472 B Lymphocytes......Page 473 Immunoglobulin G......Page 474 Immunoglobulin E......Page 476 Specific Immunologic Deficiencies......Page 477 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency......Page 478 Digeorge Syndrome......Page 480 Maternal Immunization......Page 481 Infant Immunization......Page 482 Suggested Readings......Page 483 General Diagnostic Approach......Page 484 Virology, Epidemiology, and Clinical Manifestations of Hsv Disease......Page 486 Neonatal Herpes......Page 487 Diagnosis......Page 488 Treatment and Outcomes......Page 489 Prospects for Prevention......Page 491 Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations......Page 492 Prevention......Page 493 Epidemiology......Page 494 Pathogenesis......Page 495 Clinical Presentation, Sequelae, and Prognosis......Page 496 Diagnosis and Infant Assessment......Page 497 Treatment: Antiviral Intervention in the Newborn and the Pregnant Patient......Page 498 Natal Acquisition of CMV Infection: Implications for the Premature Infant......Page 499 Prevention......Page 500 Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7......Page 501 Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus and Epstein–Barr Virus......Page 502 Pathogenesis......Page 503 Laboratory Evaluation......Page 504 Rubella......Page 505 Clinical Spectrum......Page 506 Treatment and Prognosis......Page 507 Epidemiology......Page 508 Clinical Spectrum......Page 509 Enteroviruses......Page 510 Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 511 Laboratory Evaluation......Page 512 Short- and Long-term Prognosis......Page 513 Incidence......Page 514 Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 515 Treatment......Page 516 Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 517 Prognosis......Page 518 Respiratory Viruses......Page 519 Respiratory Syncytial Virus......Page 520 Changing Epidemiology of the Hiv/Aids Pandemic......Page 521 Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission......Page 522 Antiretroviral Drug Resistance......Page 523 Infant Feeding......Page 525 Infant Treatment......Page 526 Special Case of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants......Page 527 Suggested Readings......Page 528 Natural History......Page 529 Diagnosis......Page 531 Prevention......Page 532 Syphilis......Page 533 Prevention......Page 534 Clinical Presentation......Page 535 Diagnosis......Page 536 Definition......Page 538 Epidemiology......Page 539 Clinical Presentation......Page 541 Diagnosis......Page 543 Prognosis......Page 544 Definition......Page 545 Pathophysiology......Page 546 Clinical Presentation......Page 547 Diagnosis......Page 548 Treatment and Management......Page 550 Prevention......Page 551 Malaria......Page 553 Pathogenesis of Early-Onset Neonatal Bacterial Infections......Page 554 Group B Streptococcal Infections......Page 555 Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis......Page 556 Escherichia Coli Infections......Page 557 Clinical Signs of Bacterial Sepsis......Page 558 Blood Cultures......Page 559 Acute Phase Reactants and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate......Page 560 Intravenous Immune Globulin for Prevention of Early-Onset Sepsis......Page 562 Antimicrobial Therapy......Page 563 Immunological Therapies for Treatment of Early-Onset Sepsis......Page 564 Therapy......Page 565 Suggested Readings......Page 566 Well Baby (Healthy Newborn) Nursery......Page 567 Well Baby Nursery......Page 568 Risk Factors......Page 569 Gram-Positive Bacteria......Page 571 Gram-Negative Organisms......Page 572 Influenza......Page 573 Epidemics......Page 574 Historic Perspective......Page 575 Compliance......Page 577 Umbilical Cord Care......Page 578 Antibiotic and Adjunctive Therapies......Page 579 Suggested Readings......Page 580 Congenital Candidiasis......Page 581 Peritonitis......Page 582 Anti-Fungal Therapy for Systemic Infection......Page 583 Line Infections Caused by Lipophilic Organisms......Page 584 Suggested Readings......Page 585 Development of Airways and Gas Exchange Surfaces......Page 587 Proximal Airways......Page 588 Alveolar Epithelium......Page 589 Surfactant......Page 590 Development of the Pulmonary Vasculature......Page 591 Static Stretch: Fetal Lung Fluid Production......Page 593 Molecular Basis for Lung Development......Page 594 Transcription Factors in Lung Development......Page 595 Development of Pulmonary Host Defense......Page 596 Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition......Page 597 Suggested Readings......Page 599 Overview of Respiratory Control......Page 600 Muscles of Respiration......Page 601 Respiratory Center Neuroanatomy......Page 602 Genetic Mutations Affecting Biogenic Amines......Page 603 Breuer–Hering Reflex During Development......Page 604 C-Fiber Receptors and Responses During Development......Page 605 Chemical Control of Breathing (Co2/H+ and O2)......Page 606 Development of Central Co2/H+ Sensitivity......Page 607 Maturation of Hypoxic Chemosensitivity......Page 608 Sleep State and Breathing......Page 609 Apnea of Prematurity......Page 610 Xanthine......Page 611 Resolution and Consequences of Neonatal Apnea......Page 612 Suggested Readings......Page 613 Resistance......Page 614 Dynamic Interaction......Page 615 Measurements of Respiratory System Mechanics......Page 617 Alveolar Ventilation......Page 618 Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships......Page 620 Negative Intrathoracic Pressure......Page 621 Positive Intrathoracic Pressure......Page 622 Increased Driving Pressure......Page 623 Increased Permeability......Page 624 Symptoms of Pulmonary Edema......Page 625 Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 626 Suggested Readings......Page 627 Blood Gas Monitoring......Page 628 Arterial Oxygen Saturation By Pulse Oximetry......Page 629 Treatment Strategies......Page 630 Clinical Application......Page 632 Clinical Application......Page 633 Indications......Page 634 Principles......Page 635 Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation......Page 637 Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation......Page 638 Assist-Control Ventilation......Page 639 Pressure-Regulated Volume-Controlled Ventilation......Page 640 High-Frequency Ventilation......Page 641 HFV in RDS......Page 642 Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation......Page 643 Permissive Hypercapnia......Page 644 Pulmonary Gas Leaks......Page 645 Management......Page 646 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia......Page 647 Suggested Readings......Page 648 Purpose of Surfactant......Page 649 Differential Diagnosis......Page 652 Laboratory Features of Rds......Page 653 Treatment of Patients with Rds......Page 654 Prevention of Asphyxia......Page 655 Types of Surfactant Available......Page 656 Timing of Surfactant Administration......Page 657 Definition and Incidence......Page 658 Clinical Signs......Page 659 Treatment......Page 660 Incidence......Page 661 Suggested Readings......Page 662 Physical Examination......Page 663 Interpretation of Pulse Oximetry Measurements......Page 664 Echocardiography......Page 665 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn......Page 666 Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn......Page 667 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome......Page 668 Surfactant Protein B (SP-B) Deficiency......Page 669 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia......Page 670 Summary......Page 672 Suggested Readings......Page 673 Epidemiology......Page 674 Host Susceptibility and Genetic Predisposition......Page 675 Neonatal Infection......Page 676 Ventilation With Volutrauma......Page 677 Surfactant Dysfunction......Page 679 Adrenal Insufficiency......Page 680 Gentle Ventilation and Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure......Page 681 Postnatal Corticosteroids......Page 682 Inhaled Nitric Oxide......Page 683 Clinical Course and Treatment......Page 684 Diuretics......Page 685 Outcome......Page 686 Suggested Readings......Page 687 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis......Page 688 Congenital Laryngeal Stridor......Page 689 Congenital Subglottic Hemangioma......Page 690 Congenital Tracheal Stenosis......Page 691 Tracheal Compression by Extrinsic Masses......Page 692 Congenital Bronchogenic Cysts......Page 693 Neurenteric Duplication Cysts......Page 694 Congenital Thoracic Neuroblastoma......Page 695 Pectus Excavatum......Page 696 Disorders of the Pleural Cavity......Page 697 Congenital Chylothorax......Page 698 Management of Chylothorax......Page 699 CCAM Types......Page 700 Fetal Diagnosis and Natural History......Page 701 Postnatal Management......Page 702 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration......Page 703 Other Cystic Lesions......Page 704 Postinfectious Pneumatoceles......Page 705 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia......Page 706 Prenatal Diagnosis and Management......Page 707 Postnatal Diagnosis and Management......Page 708 Hepatopulmonary Fusion......Page 712 Suggested Readings......Page 713 50 - Embryology and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System......Page 715 Cell Types within the Heart and their Origins......Page 717 Looping and Laterality of the Heart Tube......Page 718 Abnormalities in Cardiac Looping......Page 719 Ventricular Inlet Septation: Endocardial Cushions......Page 720 Ventricular Outflow Tract Septation: Contribution of Endocardial Cushions......Page 721 Ventricular Outflow Tract Septation: Role of Neural Crest......Page 722 Cardiac Valve Formation......Page 723 Development of the Atria and Atrial Septum......Page 724 Aortic Arch Development......Page 725 Coronary Arteries......Page 726 Physiology of Transition......Page 727 Suggested Readings......Page 728 Principles of oxygen delivery......Page 730 Developmental Regulation of Cardiac Output and its Determinants......Page 732 Developmental Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure......Page 733 Developmental Regulation of Organ Blood Flow and its Autoregulation and Vital Organ Assignment......Page 734 Abnormal Peripheral Vasoregulation......Page 735 Heart Rate and Blood Pressure......Page 737 Capillary Refill......Page 738 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 739 Treatment......Page 740 Dopamine and Dobutamine......Page 741 Hemodynamic Effects......Page 742 Epithelial and Neuroendocrine Effects......Page 743 Steroid Administration......Page 744 Supportive Measures......Page 746 Suggested Readings......Page 747 Pathophysiology of PPHN......Page 748 Clinical Evaluation of infants with PPHN......Page 751 Inhaled Nitric Oxide for PPHN......Page 753 New Insights into PPHN Pathophysiology and Treatment......Page 754 Summary......Page 755 Suggested Readings......Page 756 M-Mode......Page 757 Doppler......Page 758 Fetal Imaging Techniques......Page 759 Neonatal Imaging Techniques......Page 760 Fetal Echocardiography: Goals of Imaging......Page 761 Neonatal Echocardiography: Goals of Imaging......Page 762 Evaluation of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 763 Intracardiac Echocardiography......Page 764 Summary......Page 765 Acknowledgments......Page 766 Regulation of Ductus Arteriosus Patency......Page 767 In Utero Regulation......Page 768 Postnatal Regulation......Page 769 Developmental Regulation......Page 770 Anatomic Closure: Histologic Changes......Page 771 Relationship Between Vasoconstriction and Anatomic Closure......Page 772 Hemodynamic and Pulmonary Alterations......Page 773 Treatment Options for Closing A Pda......Page 774 PDA and Neonatal Morbidity: To Treat or Not to Treat......Page 776 A Personalized Approach......Page 777 Nomenclature......Page 778 Laboratory Assessment of the Neonate......Page 780 Genetics and Congenital Heart Disease......Page 781 Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window......Page 782 Ventricular Septal Defect......Page 783 Atrioventricular Septal Defects......Page 785 Pulmonic Stenosis......Page 786 Aortic Stenosis......Page 787 Transposition of the Great Arteries......Page 788 Double-Outlet Right Ventricle......Page 789 Truncus Arteriosus......Page 790 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return......Page 791 Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve......Page 792 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum......Page 793 Tricuspid Atresia......Page 794 Ebstein’s Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve......Page 795 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome......Page 796 Obstructed Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return......Page 797 Critical Aortic Stenosis......Page 799 Coarctation of the Aorta......Page 800 Interrupted Aortic Arch......Page 801 Systemic Arterial Malformations......Page 802 Cardiomyopathy......Page 803 Heart Transplantation......Page 804 Tachycardias......Page 805 Congenital Atrioventricular Block Associated with Structural Heart Disease......Page 809 Neonatal Tachycardia Management......Page 810 Neonatal Bradycardia Management......Page 811 Fetal Tachycardias......Page 812 Fetal Tachyarrhythmia Management......Page 814 Fetal Bradycardias......Page 815 Suggested Readings......Page 816 Fetal Cerebrovascular Physiology And Oxygen Delivery......Page 817 The Effect On The Brain Of Cardiac Surgery......Page 820 Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest......Page 821 Postoperative Factors......Page 822 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome......Page 823 Summary......Page 824 Suggested Readings......Page 825 Central Nervous System Vascular Development......Page 827 Autoregulation......Page 828 Polycythemia/Hyperviscosity......Page 829 Metabolic Alkalosis/Acidosis......Page 830 Suggested Readings......Page 831 Scanning Technique......Page 832 Computed Tomography......Page 835 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 836 Anatomic Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 837 Diffusion Imaging......Page 838 Arterial Spin Labeling......Page 839 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 840 Normal Preterm Versus Term Infants......Page 841 Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 842 Neonatal Cerebral Infarction......Page 846 Periventricular Leukomalacia......Page 850 Vascular Malformations......Page 851 Hydrocephalus......Page 852 Neonatal Infection......Page 853 Neonatal Brain Tumors......Page 855 Hypoglycemia......Page 856 Neuroc Avery's Diseases of the Newborn, edited by Christine A. Gleason and Sherin U. Devaskar, is a practical, clinical reference for diagnosing and managing of all the important diseases affecting newborns. Thoroughly revised by a team of new editors, this edition provides new perspectives and updated coverage of genetics, nutrition, respiratory conditions, MRSA, neonatal pain, cardiovascular fetal interventions, care of the late preterm infant, and more. This authoritative reference is ideal as a clinical resource or subspecialty review tool. Treat newborns effectively with focused coverage of diagnosis and management, including pertinent developmental physiology and the pathogenesis of neonatal problems. Meet every challenge you face in neonatology with Avery's authoritative, comprehensive clinical resource and subspecialty review tool. Navigate quickly and easily with extensive cross-referencing throughout the organ-related sections. Stay current with coverage of hot topics including MRSA, neonatal pain, cardiovascular fetal interventions, care of the late preterm infant, and the developing intestinal microbiome. Tap into the fresh perspectives of new editors who provide extensive updates throughout, particularly on genetic and respiratory disorders. Apply the latest nutritional findings with thorough discussions of this valuable information in the more comprehensive nutrition section. Master the fundamentals of neonatology through the greater emphasis on developmental biology and pathobiology.