Autophagy: Cancer, Other Pathologies, Inflammation, Immunity, Infection, and Aging : Volume 9: Human Diseases and Autophagosome

__Autophagy: Cancer, Other Pathologies, Inflammation, Immunity, Infection, and Aging: Volume 9: Human Diseases and Autophagosome__ offers a valuable guide to both cellular processes while helping researchers explore their potentially important connections. Volume 9 emphasizes the role of autophagy in diseases, such as leukemia, antifungal and antibacterial immunity, and transplantation. This volume also explains, in detail, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the formation of autophagosomes, including the progression of omegasomes to autophagosomes. This information is important because one of the major functions of autophagy is to degrade and eliminate excessive, old, and harmful materials from the cell. Autophagosomes receive these materials (cellular cargo) and transport them to lysosomes for degradation. Lysosomes contain the digestive enzymes (hydrolases) that breakdown proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc. (self-digestion). To further explain this phenomenon, the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the formation of autophagosomes is discussed. ULK1 and Beclin 1 proteins are also important in the initial formation of autophagosomes, and are also discussed. Because much of the early research in this area was carried out using yeast cells, the role of Golgi complex in the autophagosome formation in these cells is explained. This volume also includes an explanation of the role of the autophagy-related gene ATG5 in cancer (e.g., gastrointestinal cancer). Paradoxically, autophagy is a “double-edged sword” because it eliminates some pathogens, whereas it can be used by some intracellular pathogens to multiply and cause infection. This book is an asset to newcomers, providing a concise overview of the role of autophagy in necrosis and inflammation, while also serving as an excellent reference for more experienced scientists and clinicians. * Presents the most advanced information regarding the role of the autophagic system in life and death * emphasizes autophagy in diseases, such as leukemia * Introduces new, more effective therapeutic strategies in the development of targeted drugs and programmed cell death, providing information that will aid in preventing detrimental inflammation * States recent advancements in the molecular mechanisms underlying a large number of genetic and epigenetic diseases and abnormalities * Edited work with chapters authored by leaders in the field from around the globe―the broadest, most expert coverage available Content: Front-matter,Copyright,Dedication,Mitophagy and Biogenesis,Dedication,Autophagy and Cancer,Some Thoughts on Autophagy and Immunity,Autophagy: Friend or Foe?,Autophagy: If and When,What Happened When Autophagy Didn’t,Sugar Isn’t Always Sweet,Mitochondrial Mysteries,A Photo Is Static, An Instant in Time,Autophagy Subversion,Foreword,Foreword,Preface,Contributors,Autophagy: Volume 1 – Contributions,Autophagy: Volume 2 – Contributions,Autophagy: Volume 3 – Contributions,Autophagy: Volume 4 – Contributions,Autophagy: Volume 5 – Contributions,Autophagy: Volume 6 – Contributions,Autophagy: Volume 7 – Contributions,Autophagy: Volume 8 – ContributionsEntitled to full textPart I: Molecular MechanismsChapter 1 - Overview of Autophagy, Pages 3-73, M.A. Hayat Chapter 2 - Autophagic Structures in Yeast, Pages 75-90, Kuninori Suzuki Chapter 3 - Mitophagy: Sensors, Regulators, and Effectors, Pages 91-104, Valentina Sica, Valentina Izzo, Jose Manuel Bravo-San Pedro, Naoufal Zamzami, Maria Chiara Maiuri Chapter 4 - Regulation of Autophagy by Actin-Associated Signaling Pathways, Pages 105-122, Edmond Y.W. Chan, Michael F. Olson Chapter 5 - G2019S Mutation of LRRK2 Increases Autophagy via MEK/ERK Pathway, Pages 123-142, Sokhna M.S. Yakhine-Diop, Mario Rodríguez-Arribas, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, Elisa Pizarro-Estrella, Mireia Niso-Santano, Rosa A. González-Polo, José M. Bravo-San Pedro, José M. Fuentes Chapter 6 - Cargo Proteins Facilitate the Formation of Transport Vesicles, but not Autophagosomes, Pages 143-154, Takahiro Shintani Chapter 7 - Absence of Bax and Bak: Implications for Autophagy and Alternative Mitochondrial Functions, Pages 155-164, Yuan Zhang, Liam D. Tryon, David A. Hood Chapter 8 - The Antiapoptotic Protein BCL-2 Has Also an Antiautophagy Role Through Beclin 1 Inhibition, Pages 165-174, Sophie Pattingre Chapter 9 - Organic Pollutant Perfluorooctane Sulfonate–Induced Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization Blocks Autophagy Flux in Human Hepatoma Cells, Pages 175-186, Xiaofeng Yao, Yufang Ma Chapter 10 - Mutant p53 Located in the Cytoplasm Inhibits Autophagy, Pages 189-203, Maria Paz Hernandez, Carolina Oses, Daniel Peña, Alfredo Criollo, Eugenia Morselli Chapter 11 - Role of Autophagy in Regulation Survival or Death of Cancer Cells, Pages 205-220, Leilei Fu, Bo Liu Chapter 12 - Regulation of Autophagy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The Role of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, Pages 221-240, Victoria El-Khoury, Guy Berchem Chapter 13 - Improving the Survival of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Against Oxidative Stress in Transplantation: Role of Autophagy Induction, Pages 241-255, Chunjuan Song, Chunjing Song Chapter 14 - Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 Mediates Vacuolating Cytotoxin-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis During Helicobacter pylori Infection, Pages 259-266, Kinnosuke Yahiro, Masatoshi Noda, Joel Moss, Toshiya Hirayama Chapter 15 - Cytomegalovirus Blocks Autophagy During Infection of the Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Functional Relationship Between Autophagy and Apoptosis, Pages 267-279, Ming Zhang, Juan Mo, Sally S. Atherton Chapter 16 - Unusual Functions for the Autophagy Machinery in Apicomplexan Parasites, Pages 281-292, Maude Lévêque, Sébastien Besteiro Chapter 17 - Subversion of Innate Phagocytic Cells by Orientia tsutsugamushi, Pages 293-306, Chan-Ki Min, Nam-Hyuk Cho Chapter 18 - Intracellular Bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum Induces Autophagy by Secreting Substrate Ats-1 that Neutralizes the Beclin 1-ATG14L Autophagy Initiation Pathway, Pages 307-315, Hua Niu, Yasuko Rikihisa Chapter 19 - Host Autophagy in Antifungal Immunity, Pages 317-330, André Moraes Nicola, Scott Adam Fabricant, Patrícia Albuquerque, Maria Sueli Soares Felipe, Arturo Casadevall Abbreviations and Glossary, Pages 331-342 Index, Pages 343-357

Understanding the importance and necessity of the role of autophagy in health and disease is vital for the studies of cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, immunology, and infectious diseases. Comprehensive and forward-thinking, these books offer a valuable guide to both cellular processes while helping researchers to explore their potentially important connections.

Volume 9 emphasizes the role of autophagy in diseases, such as leukemia, antifungal and antibacterial immunity, and transplantation. This volume also explains in detail the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the formation of autophagosomes, including the progression of omegasomes to autophagosomes. This information is important because one of the major functions of autophagy is to degrade and eliminate excessive, old, and harmful materials from the cell. Autophagosomes receive these materials (cellular cargo) and transport them to lysosomes for degradation. Lysosomes contain the digestive enzymes (hydrolases) that breakdown proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc. (self-digestion). To further explain this phenomenon, the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the formation of autophagosomes is discussed. ULK1 and Beclin 1 proteins are also important in the initial formation of autophagosomes, which are discussed. Because much of the early research in this area was carried out using yeast cells, the role of Golgi complex in the autophagosome formation in these cells is explained.

Volume 9 also includes an explanation of the role of autophagy-related gene ATG5 in cancer (e.g., gastrointestinal cancer). Paradoxically, autophagy is a “double-edged sword,” because it eliminates some pathogens, whereas it can be used by some intracellular pathogens to multiply and cause infection. This book is an asset to newcomers as a concise overview of the role of autophagy in necrosis and inflammation, while serving as an excellent reference for more experienced scientists and clinicians looking to update their knowledge.

Volumes in the Series

Autophagy: Cancer, Other Pathologies, Inflammation, Immunity, Infection, and Aging, Volume 10 offer a valuable guide to both cellular processes, while encouraging researchers to explore their potentially important connections. Autophagy serves to maintain healthy cells, tissues, and organs, but also promotes cancer survival and growth of established tumors. Impaired or deregulated autophagy can also contribute to disease pathogenesis.

This is the tenth volume of the multivolume series that discusses, in detail, almost all aspects of the autophagy machinery in the context of health, cancer, and other pathologies. Autophagy maintains homeostasis during starvation or stress conditions by balancing the synthesis of cellular components and their deregulation by autophagy. Volume 10 of the Autophagy series discusses the role of a novel binuclear palladacycle complex that inhibits melanoma growth through apoptosis and autophagy.

• Presents the most advanced information regarding the role of the autophagic system in life and death
• Contains a direct focus on the role of a novel binuclear palladacycle complex that inhibits melanoma growth
• Introduces new, more effective therapeutic strategies in the development of targeted drugs and programmed cell death, providing information that will aid in preventing detrimental inflammation
• States recent advancements in the molecular mechanisms underlying a large number of genetic and epigenetic diseases and abnormalities
• Edited work with chapters authored by leaders in the field from around the globe—the broadest, most expert coverage available

Role of Autophagy in Viral Defense and Replication -- Role of Autophagy in Intracellular Bacterial Infection -- Role of Autophagy in Heart Disease -- Role of Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases -- Cross-Talk Between Autophagy and Apoptosis -- Autophagy and Ubiquitination -- Autophagy and Necroptosis -- Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission -- Selective Autophagy -- Allophagy -- Axonophagy (Neuronal Autophagy) -- Chromatophagy -- Ciliophagy -- Crinophagy -- Exophagy -- Glycophagy -- Lipophagy -- Lysophagy -- Mitophagy -- Nucleophagy -- Pexophagy -- Role of Pexophagy in Yeast -- Reticulophagy Front Cover -- Autophagy -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Mitophagy and Biogenesis -- Autophagy and Cancer -- Some Thoughts on Autophagy and Immunity -- Autophagy: Friend or Foe? -- Autophagy: If and When -- What Happened When Autophagy Didn't -- Sugar Isn't Always Sweet -- Mitochondrial Mysteries -- A Photo Is Static, An Instant in Time -- Autophagy Subversion -- Contents -- Foreword by Roberta A. Gottlieb -- Foreword by Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen -- Preface -- Contributors -- Autophagy: Volume 1 - Contributions -- Autophagy: Volume 2 - Contributions -- Autophagy: Volume 3 - Contributions Autophagy: Volume 4 - Contributions -- Autophagy: Volume 5 - Contributions -- Autophagy: Volume 6 - Contributions -- Autophagy: Volume 7 - Contributions -- Autophagy: Volume 8 - Contributions -- I. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS -- 1 Overview of Autophagy -- Specific Functions of Autophagy (A Summary) -- Autophagy in Normal Mammalian Cells -- Endoplasmic Reticulum -- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress -- Major Types of Autophagies -- Macroautophagy (Autophagy) -- Microautophagy -- Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy -- Autophagosome Formation -- Autophagic Lysosome Reformation -- Protein Synthesis -- Methods Ribophagy -- Xenophagy -- Zymophagy -- References -- 2 Autophagic Structures in Yeast -- Introduction -- Autophagic Bodies -- Autophagosomes -- Cvt Vesicles and Cvt Bodies -- Pre-Autophagosomal Structure and Isolation Membranes -- Pre-Autophagosomal Structure -- PAS for Selective and Nonselective Autophagy -- Isolation Membranes -- Membrane Structures Involved in Pexophagy in P. pastoris -- Atg9 Vesicles -- Atg9 is an Integral Membrane Protein that Traffics through the Secretory Pathway -- Atg9 Trafficking in Mutants of the Transport Protein Particle III Complex Abnormal Proteins -- Molecular Chaperones -- The Endoplasmic Reticulum -- Endoplasmic Reticulum and Apoptosis -- Autophagic Proteins -- Protein Degradation Systems -- Beclin-1 -- Nonautophagic Functions of Autophagy-Related Proteins -- Microtubule-Associated Protein Light Chain 3 -- Aggrephagy -- Aggresome, Ubiquitin Proteasome, and Autophagic Systems -- Monitoring Autophagy -- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) -- Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) -- Role of Autophagy in Tumorigenesis and Cancer -- Role of Autophagy in Immunity -- Autophagy and Senescence Provides an examination of the role of autophagy in health and disease. Suitable for the studies of cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, immunology, and infectious diseases, this four-volume work offers a guide to cellular processes.