Automated Vehicles and MaaS: Removing the Barriers (Wiley - IEEE)

Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgements Table of Abbreviations Chapter 1 The Promise and Hype Regarding Automated Driving and MaaS 1.1 The Promise 1.2 What Do We Mean by the Term ‘Automated Driving’? 1.3 The Hype Chapter 2 Automated Driving Levels 2.1 SAE J3016 2.2 The Significance of Operational Design Domain (ODD) 2.3 Deprecated Terms 2.4 No Relative Merit 2.5 Mutually Exclusive Levels 2.6 J3016 Limitations 2.7 Actors in the Automated Vehicle Paradigm 2.7.1 Local Government (A1) 2.7.2 Road Operator (A2) 2.7.3 Urban Authority (A3) 2.7.4 Traffic Management Centre (A4) 2.7.5 Automated Vehicle (A5) 2.7.6 Connected Vehicle (A6) 2.7.7 Unconnected Vehicle (A7) 2.7.8 Emergency Responders (A8) 2.7.9 Personal ITS (A9) 2.7.10 Map Provider (A10) 2.7.11 Traffic Control Equipment (A11) 2.7.12 Public Service Vehicle Communications (A12) 2.7.13 Travel Optimisation Service (A13) 2.7.14 Cellular > < Vehicle Communications (A15) 2.7.16 Independent Service Providers (A16) 2.7.17 Insurers (A17) 2.7.18 Ride Hailing (A18) 2.7.19 Micro‐Mobility (A19) 2.7.20 Public Transport/ Transit (A20) 2.7.21 Other Internet Communications (A21) 2.7.22 Pedestrians (A22) 2.7.23 Drone & Kerbside Management (A23) 2.8 Other Functions 2.8.1 Regulation Data Access Chapter 3 The Current Reality 3.1 UNECE WP 29 3.2 Social Acceptance 3.3 SMMT 3.4 Other Observations 3.5 The European Commission 3.6 Legislation 3.7 Subsidiarity 3.8 Viewpoints Chapter 4 Automated Driving Paradigms 4.1 OECD 4.2 Communications Evolution 4.2.1 21‐10‐2019 Supporters 4.3 Cooperative ITS 4.4 The C‐ITS Platform 4.5 Holistic Approach 4.6 It Won't Happen Quickly 4.7 Implications of Fully Automated Vehicles Chapter 5 The MaaS Paradigm 5.1 Purist Definition for MaaS 5.2 Vehicle Manufacturer Perspective for MaaS 5.3 Traditional Transport Service Provider Perspective for MaaS 5.4 MaaS from the Perspective of the MaaS Broker 5.4.1 Transport Service 5.4.2 Planning and Booking Service 5.4.3 Payment Service 5.4.4 Transport Infrastructure Service 5.4.5 Information Service 5.4.6 Information and Communication (ICT) Service 5.4.7 Authority Regulations 5.4.8 High‐Level Value Network 5.5 MaaS as a Tool for Social Engineering 5.6 MaaS Experience to Date 5.7 MaaS and Covid‐19 Chapter 6 Challenges Facing Automated Driving Chapter 7 Potential Problems Hindering the Instantiation of MaaS 7.1 Root Causes of Obstacles 7.2 Level of Community Readiness 7.3 Level of Social Engineering Readiness 7.4 Perception of Risks 7.5 Level of Market Readiness 7.6 Level of Software Solution Readiness 7.7 Training 7.8 Timing 7.9 Institutional and Governance Chapter 8 Potential Solutions to Overcoming Barriers to Automated Driving 8.1 Vehicle Manufacturers Flawed Paradigm of the Automated Vehicle 8.2 Vehicle Manufacturers Using Different Paradigms for Competitive Advantage 8.3 Road Operator's Responsibilities 8.4 New Modes of Transport and New Mobility Services Must Be Safe andSecure by Design 8.5 How Other Road Users Interact with AVs 8.6 Automated Vehicles Will Have to Be Able to Identify and Consistently Respond to Different Forms of Communication 8.7 AVs by Themselves Will Not Necessarily Be Smarter than Conventional Vehicles 8.8 Congestion Levels Will Not Drop Significantly 8.9 Automated Vehicles Will Release Unsatiated Demand 8.10 Safety and Some Operational Data Must Be Freely Shared 8.11 Mixed AV and Conventional Traffic 8.12 AV Acceptability 8.13 Low Latency Communication 8.14 Roads Could Be Allocated Exclusively to AVs 8.15 Automated and Connected Vehicles Bring New Requirements 8.16 Cybersecurity 8.17 Changing Speed Limits and Even Getting Signs Put Up Can Take Years 8.18 Political Decisions Needed 8.19 Role of Government 8.20 Fallback to Driver 8.21 Range of Services Supported 8.21.1 Services that Can Be Instantiated Without the Support of the Local Infrastructure 8.21.2 Services that Can Only Be Provided Using Data/Information from the Local Infrastructure 8.21.3 Services that Can Be Enhanced/Improved/Extended by Using Data/Information from the Local Infrastructure 8.21.4 The HARTS Architecture with Reference to C‐ITS Platform Day/Day 1.5 Services 8.21.4.1 Hazardous Location Notifications 8.21.4.2 Slow or Stationary Vehicle(s) and Traffic Ahead Warning 8.21.4.3 Road Works Warning 8.21.4.4 Weather Conditions 8.21.4.5 Emergency Brake Light 8.21.4.6 Emergency Vehicle Approaching 8.21.4.7 Other Hazardous Notifications and Shockwave Damping (Falls Under ETSI Category ‘Local Hazard Warning’) 8.21.4.8 Signage Applications: In‐Vehicle Signage 8.21.4.9 Signage Applications: In‐Vehicle Speed Limits 8.21.4.10 Signal Violation/Intersection Safety 8.21.4.11 Traffic Signal Priority Request by Designated Vehicles 8.21.4.12 Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) 8.21.4.13 Probe Vehicle Data 8.21.4.14 Information on Fuelling and Charging Stations for Alternative Fuel Vehicles 8.21.4.15 Vulnerable Road User Protection 8.21.4.16 On‐Street Parking Management and Information 8.21.4.17 Off‐Street Parking Information 8.21.4.18 Park and Ride Information 8.21.4.19 Connected and Cooperative Navigation Into and Out of the City 8.21.4.20 Traffic Information and Smart Routing 8.22 Young Drivers and Experience 8.23 Liability 8.24 Level 5 May Take a Long Time to Instantiate Chapter 9 Potential Solutions to Overcoming Barriers to MaaS 9.1 Addressing General Issues 9.2 Essentials to Enable MaaS 9.2.1 Trust 9.2.2 Impartiality 9.2.3 Cooperation 9.2.4 Integration Services 9.2.5 Commercial Agreements 9.2.6 Data Protection 9.2.6.1 Cybersecurity 9.2.6.2 Data Protection 9.2.7 Solid Governance Model 9.2.7.1 Introduction 9.2.7.2 Governance for ITS Data Management and Access 9.3 Removing Obstacles to MaaS 9.4 Innovative Enablers for MaaS Chapter 10 The C‐ART Innovation 10.1 Overview 10.2 Policy Context 10.3 Key Conclusions 10.4 C‐ART Scenarios 10.4.1 Short‐ to Medium‐Term Scenario (2020–2030): C‐ART 2030 10.4.2 Medium‐ to Long‐Term Scenario (2030–2050): C‐ART 2050 10.4.3 Town Planning as a Consequence of C‐ART 10.4.4 An Assessment of C‐ART 10.4.5 Technology Principles and Architecture Behind C‐ART 10.4.5.1 Research Origins 10.4.5.2 VACS Without Direct Traffic Flow Implications 10.4.5.3 VACS with Traffic Flow Implications 10.4.5.4 Lane Assignments for Autonomous Vehicles 10.4.5.5 Development of C‐ART 10.4.6 The C‐ART Framework 10.4.6.1 Telematics Architecture 10.4.7 Some Observations on Project C‐ART Chapter 11 Potential Solutions to Instantiate AVs and MaaS: Managed Optimisation Architecture for Transportation (MOAT) 11.1 Managed Not Controlled 11.1.1 Simplicity 11.1.2 Much Lower Computing Requirements/Costs 11.1.3 Retains Privacy of the User 11.1.4 Flexibility of Instantiation 11.1.5 User Acceptability 11.1.6 Can Be Merged with MaaS Travel Optimisation/MaaS Broker Service Provision 11.2 High Level Actors in the MOAT Architecture 11.2.1 Traveller Group (Traveller) 11.2.2 Subscriber (Subscriber) 11.2.3 Travel Service Provider (TSP) 11.2.4 AV Operator (AVO) 11.2.5 Travel Information Provider (TIP) 11.2.6 Traffic Management Centre (TMC) 11.2.7 Travel Optimisation Service (TOS) 11.3 MOAT from the Subscriber/User Perspective 11.4 MOAT from the Travel Service Provider Perspective 11.4.1 Operate User Interface (UI) 11.4.2 Receive Request from Subscriber 11.4.3 Characterise Request Options 11.4.4 Calculate Viable Travel Options 11.4.5 Confirm Options to Subscriber 11.4.6 Receive Subscriber Selection 11.4.7 Fulfil Travel Arrangements 11.4.8 Provide Confirmation to Subscriber 11.4.9 Monitor/Manage Progress of Journey 11.4.10 Acknowledge End of Journey 11.4.11 Process Administration Requirement 11.4.12 Delete Personal Data 11.5 MOAT from the Road Operator Perspective 11.6 MOAT from the AV Operator (AVO) Perspective 11.7 MOAT from the Travel Optimisation Service (TOS) Perspective 11.8 MOAT from the Traffic Management Centre (TMC) Perspective 11.9 MOAT from the Travel Information Provider (TIP) Perspective 11.10 MOAT and Privacy 11.11 The MOAT Overview Architecture 11.12 The MOAT Systems Architecture Chapter 12 The Business Case for MaaS 12.1 The Challenge 12.2 The Solution 12.3 The Outlook Chapter 13 The Business Case for Automated Vehicles 13.1 The Challenge 13.2 The Solution 13.3 The Outlook Chapter 14 Timescales to Successful Implementation 14.1 Caveat 14.2 Phased MOAT 14.3 Timescales MaaS 14.4 Timescales for Automated Vehicles 14.5 The First Half of the Twentieth Century 14.6 The Second Half of the Twentieth Century 14.7 2000–2009 14.8 2010–2019 14.9 2020–2029 14.10 2030–2039 14.11 2040–2050 14.12 2050–2060 14.13 In Summary Bibliography Index EULA

AUTOMATED VEHICLES AND MaaS

A topical overview of the issues facing automated driving systems and Mobility as a Service, identifies the obstacles to implementation and offers potential solutions

Advances in cooperative and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies, cultural and socio-economic shifts, measures to combat climate change, social pressures to reduce road deaths and injuries, and changing attitudes toward self-driving cars, are creating new and exciting mobility scenarios worldwide. However, many obstacles remain and are compounded by the consequences of COVID-19. Mobility as a Service (MaaS) integrates various forms of public and private transport services into a single on-demand mobility service. Combining trains, cars, buses, bicycles, and other forms of transport, MaaS promises a convenient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative to private automobiles.

Automated Vehicles and MaaS: Removing the Barriers is an up-to-date overview of the contemporary challenges facing CAVs and MaaS. Written in a clear and accessible style, this timely volume summarizes recent research studies, describes the evolution of automated driving systems and MaaS, identifies the barriers to their widespread adoption, and proposes potential solutions to overcome and remove these barriers. The text focuses on the claims, realities, politics, new organizational roles, and implementation problems associated with CAVs and MaaS—providing industry professionals, policymakers, planners, administrators, and investors with a clear understanding of the issues facing the introduction of automated driving systems and MaaS. This important guide and reference:

• Provides an overview of recent progress, the current state of the art, and discussion of future objectives
• Presents both technical background and general overview of automated driving systems and MaaS
• Covers political, commercial, and practical issues, as well as technical and research content, yet suitable for non-specialists
• Helps readers make informed decisions and realistic estimates for implementing mobility solutions and new business models for transport services
• Includes an extensive bibliography with direct links to in-depth technical engineering and research information

Automated Vehicles and MaaS: Removing the Barriers is an essential resource for transport providers, vehicle manufacturers, urban and transport planners, students of transportation, vehicle technology, and urban planning, and transport policy and strategy managers, advisors, and reviewers.

AUTOMATED VEHICLES AND MaaS A topical overview of the issues facing automated driving systems and Mobility as a Service, identifies the obstacles to implementation and offers potential solutions Advances in cooperative and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies, cultural and socio-economic shifts, measures to combat climate change, social pressures to reduce road deaths and injuries, and changing attitudes toward self-driving cars, are creating new and exciting mobility scenarios worldwide. However, many obstacles remain and are compounded by the consequences of COVID-19. Mobility as a Service (MaaS) integrates various forms of public and private transport services into a single on-demand mobility service. Combining trains, cars, buses, bicycles, and other forms of transport, MaaS promises a convenient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative to private automobiles. Automated Vehicles and MaaS: Removing the Barriers is an up-to-date overview of the contemporary challenges facing CAVs and MaaS. Written in a clear and accessible style, this timely volume summarizes recent research studies, describes the evolution of automated driving systems and MaaS, identifies the barriers to their widespread adoption, and proposes potential solutions to overcome and remove these barriers. The text focuses on the claims, realities, politics, new organizational roles, and implementation problems associated with CAVs and MaaS--providing industry professionals, policymakers, planners, administrators, and investors with a clear understanding of the issues facing the introduction of automated driving systems and MaaS. This important guide and reference: Provides an overview of recent progress, the current state of the art, and discussion of future objectives Presents both technical background and general overview of automated driving systems and MaaS Covers political, commercial, and practical issues, as well as technical and research content, yet suitable for non-specialists Helps readers make informed decisions and realistic estimates for implementing mobility solutions and new business models for transport services Includes an extensive bibliography with direct links to in-depth technical engineering and research information Automated Vehicles and MaaS: Removing the Barriers is an essential resource for transport providers, vehicle manufacturers, urban and transport planners, students of transportation, vehicle technology, and urban planning, and transport policy and strategy managers, advisors, and reviewers. **AUTOMATED VEHICLES AND MaaS****A topical overview of the issues facing automated driving systems and Mobility as a Service, identifies the obstacles to implementation and offers potential solutions** __Automated Vehicles and MaaS: Removing the Barriers__ is an up-to-date overview of the contemporary challenges facing CAVs and MaaS. Written in a clear and accessible style, this timely volume summarizes recent research studies, describes the evolution of automated driving systems and MaaS, identifies the barriers to their widespread adoption, and proposes potential solutions to overcome and remove these barriers. The text focuses on the claims, realities, politics, new organizational roles, and implementation problems associated with CAVs and MaaS―providing industry professionals, policymakers, planners, administrators, and investors with a clear understanding of the issues facing the introduction of automated driving systems and MaaS. This important guide and reference: __Automated Vehicles and MaaS: Removing the Barriers__ is an essential resource for transport providers, vehicle manufacturers, urban and transport planners, students of transportation, vehicle technology, and urban planning, and transport policy and strategy managers, advisors, and reviewers. "Today's technological innovations are creating the base for mobility solutions, which, accompanied to cultural and socio-economic changes taking place all over the world, open the door to new mobility scenarios. The challenge of innovation in the transport sector, including road, sea, rail, and air, is represented by automation of vehicles, particularly the automotive, from the viewpoint of demonstration and validation. Advances in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), on which vehicle automation relies, will further challenge this innovation. Vehicle connectivity and automation will boost a paradigm change in mobility use and the adoption on a large scale of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) travel options. However, certain conditions need to be in place for sustainable mobility solutions and new business models for transport services. This reference work aims to identify the obstacles to the introduction of cooperative and automated vehicles (CAVs) and MaaS. It presents the results of real research and study undertaken, and, having identified the obstacles, proposes solutions to address and overcome them, and make more realistic estimates of the timescales involved"-- Provided by publisher La 4ème de couv. indique : "Advances in cooperative and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies, cultural and socio-economic shifts, measures to combat climate change, social pressures to reduce road deaths and injuries, and changing attitudes toward self-driving cars, are creating new and exciting mobility scenarios worldwide. However, many obstacles remain and are compounded by the consequences of COVID-19. Mobility as a Service (MaaS) integrates various forms of public and private transport services into a single on-demand mobility service. Combining trains, cars, buses, bicycles, and other forms of transport, MaaS promises a convenient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative to private automobiles."