Augmented Cognition : 17th International Conference, AC 2023, Held As Part of the 25th HCI International Conference, HCII 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 23–28, 2023, Proceedings

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of 17th International Conference, AC 2023, held as part of the 25th International Conference, HCI International 2023, which was held virtually in Copenhagen, Denmark in July 2023. The total of 1578 papers and 396 posters included in the HCII 2023 proceedings was carefully reviewed and selected from 7472 submissions. The AC 2023 conference focuses on topics related to Brain-Computer Interfaces and neurotechnology; neuroergonomics, physiological measurements, and human performance; evolving theory and practice of AC; Augmented and Virtual Reality for AC; as well as understanding human cognition and performance in IT security. Foreword HCI International 2023 Thematic Areas and Affiliated Conferences List of Conference Proceedings Volumes Appearing Before the Conference Preface 17th International Conference on Augmented Cognition (AC 2023) HCI International 2024 Conference Contents Brain-Computer Interfaces and Neurotechnolgy Brain State-Triggered Stimulus Delivery Helps to Optimize Reaction Time 1 Introduction 1.1 Brain State-Dependence 1.2 Mu-Rhythm and Motor Cortex 1.3 Computational Side 1.4 Hypothesis 2 Methods 2.1 Participants and Experimental Setup 2.2 Experimental Design 2.3 Real-Time Data Acquisition and Analysis 2.4 Closed Loop Delay Estimation. 2.5 Behavioral Data Processing 2.6 Offline EEG and EMG Processing 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Discovering Mental Strategies for Voluntary Control Over Brain-Computer Interfaces 1 Introduction 2 Theories of Neurofeedback Learning 3 Discovery of Mental Strategies 4 Discussion References Mental Face Image Retrieval Based on a Closed-Loop Brain-Computer Interface 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 EEG Correlates of Face Recognition 2.2 Generative Models 3 Related Work 4 Generative Face Image Retrieval 4.1 Generative Model 4.2 EEG Classifier 4.3 Optimizer 4.4 Display Model 5 Experiments 5.1 Data Collection and Preprocessing 5.2 Experimental Setup 6 Results 6.1 Event-Related Potential Analysis 6.2 EEG Classifier Performance 6.3 Closed-Loop System Results 7 Discussion and Future Work 7.1 Summary of Contributions 7.2 Implications and Limitations 7.3 Future Work References Analysis of Visual Patterns Through the EEG Signal: Color Study 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Sample 2.2 Protocol 2.3 Device 3 Results 3.1 Amplitude 3.2 Latency 3.3 Statistical Analysis 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Neuroergonomics, Physiological Measurement, and Human Performance Using Eye Tracking to Measure User Engagement with a Decision Aid 1 Introduction 2 Improving the DA with Iterative Formative Studies 2.1 Iteration 1: Collecting Information for Revising the Original Pilot DA 2.2 Iteration 2: Revising the DA and Evaluating the Changes Made 2.3 Iteration 3: Assessing User Engagement with Eye Tracking 2.4 Iteration 4: Assessing User Engagement with Eye Tracking After 3rd DA Revision 3 Discussion 4 Strengths and Limitations 5 Conclusion References Technical Function Evaluation of Two Smart Wearables and Data Analysis Methods for Step Counts 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Device Functionality Data Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Usability Results 3.2 Device Functionality Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Studying Human Factors Aspects of Text Classification Task Using Eye Tracking 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methodology 3.1 Participants 3.2 Materials 3.3 Design 3.4 Procedure 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Time and Accuracy 4.2 Ocular Parameters 4.3 Surveys 4.4 Statistical Analysis 5 Conclusion References Physiological and Psychological Effects of Light Illumination on Hygiene Regions of Space Stations in Short-Term Simulations of Gravity and Noise 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Experimental Setup and Scenarios 2.3 Experimental Setup and Scenarios 2.4 Experimental Setup and Scenarios 2.5 Statistical Analysis 3 Result 3.1 Brain Activation at Different Illumination Levels 3.2 Subjective Questionnaire Results 4 Discussion 5 Limitations and Future Research 6 Conclusions References The Effect of Perceptual Load on Performance Within IDE in People with ADHD Symptoms 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methodology 3.1 Sample 3.2 Materials 3.3 Data Collection 3.4 Data Analysis 4 Results 5 Threats to Validity 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Classification of Error-Related Potentials Evoked During Observation of Human Motion Sequences 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion References How Do Programming Students Read and Act upon Compiler Error Messages? 1 Introduction 2 Eye Tracking and Program Comprehension 3 Prior Eye Tracking and Program Comprehension in the Philippines 4 Methodological Considerations 5 Proposed Data Collection Methods 5.1 Study Design 5.2 Participant Selection 5.3 Experiment Location 5.4 Code Scope 5.5 Code Difficulty 5.6 Code Pool Size 5.7 Number of Code Samples Per Participant 5.8 Code Source 5.9 Code Criteria 5.10 Comprehension Task 5.11 Comprehension Measures 5.12 Stimulus Mode 5.13 Pretests 5.14 Analysis Methods 6 Hypothesis References How Human Spatial Ability is Affected by the Misalignment of Idiotropic and Visual Axes 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Spatial Ability 1.3 Dimensions of Spatial Ability: Spatial Visualization, Relations, and Orientation 1.4 Virtual Reality (VR) in Spatial Cognition Research 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Research Goal and Objectives 2.2 Participants 2.3 Instruments 2.4 Study Environment 2.5 Procedures and Data Collection 2.6 Data Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Augmented Cognition: Evolving Theory and Practice Augmented Cognition Compass: A Taxonomy of Cognitive Augmentations 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Previous Works 1.3 Objective 1.4 Definition of Augmentation 2 Method 2.1 Domain of the Taxonomy 2.2 Search Design 2.3 Categorization of the Dimensions 2.4 Validation of the Taxonomy 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Limitations 3.2 Future Directions Appendix References The Effect of Information Type on Human Cognitive Augmentation 1 Introduction 2 Literature and Previous Work 2.1 Measuring Cognitive Augmentation 2.2 Types of Information 3 The Experiment 4 The Results 4.1 Failure Percentage 4.2 Total Overall Time 4.3 Average Attempts Per Puzzle 4.4 Longest and Shortest Individual Time Per Puzzle 4.5 Lowest and Highest Individual Number of Attempts Per Puzzle 5 Conclusion 6 Further Research and Discussion References Personality Traits as Predictors for Social Engineering Vulnerability 1 Introduction 1.1 Social Engineering Techniques 1.2 Measuring Social Engineering Vulnerability 1.3 Social Engineering and Personality 1.4 Big Five Personality Traits 1.5 Goals and Research Questions 2 Methods 2.1 Security Survey Design 2.2 Personality Survey Design 3 Results 3.1 Analysis 4 Discussion and Augmented Cognition Applications 4.1 Threats to Validity 4.2 Future Work 4.3 Conclusion References Intelligent Wellness 1 Glossary 2 Introduction 3 Background 3.1 Primary Care Burnout 4 Health and Digital Technology 5 Reductionism in Health 6 Intelligent Wellness 6.1 Psychophysiological Economics 6.2 Digital Twin 7 Conceptual Design of a Mobile Health Service 7.1 Data Collection 7.2 Data Analysis 7.3 Data Delivery 8 Conclusion References Augmented Cognition Instructional Design for Studio-Based Learning 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Overall Analyses 3.2 Analyses of Individual Projects 3.3 Comparison of Teaching Assistants 4 Discussion 4.1 Research Question 1: What Impacts do the Modality of a Course (In-Person, Online, Hybrid) and the Quality of Participation in Peer Review Have on Student Achievement? 4.2 Research Question 2: How do the Subject Matter of a Project and the Timing of the Project in the Semester Impact Student Achievement on Peer-Reviewed Projects? 4.3 Research Question 3: How do the Answers to the Above Questions Inform Instructional Design from the Perspective of Augmented Cognition? References Individual Deep Fake Recognition Skills are Affected by Viewer’s Political Orientation, Agreement with Content and Device Used 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Ethics 2.2 Participants and Recruitment 2.3 Design and Procedure 2.4 Equipment and Measures 2.5 Videos 2.6 Pilot Study 2.7 Data Reduction and Analysis 3 Results 3.1 H1: Conservativism and Deep Fake Identification 3.2 H2a: Effect of Conservativism on Judgment of Videos’ Degree of Authenticity 3.3 H2b: Effect of Agreement with Message Content on Judgment of Video’s Degree of Authenticity 3.4 H3: Influence of Device Used on Authenticity Judgment Accuracy 4 Discussion 4.1 Limitations 4.2 Future Research 5 Conclusion References The Augmented Cognition of Religion and Spirituality in Media 1 Introduction 2 Greco-Christianity 3 Indic Religions 4 Humanism: Education/Scholarship and Paganism/Scandinavian Religion 4.1 Nordic Religion 4.2 Education/Scholarship and Social Settings 5 (Video) Games 5.1 Nintendo 5.2 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) 5.3 Other (Video) Games 6 Anime/Film/(Social) Media 7 Conclusion References Augmented and Virtual Reality for Augmented Cognition Modulating Virtual Affective Elicitation by Human Body Odors: Advancing Research on Social Signal Processing in Virtual Reality 1 Introduction 1.1 Social Signal Processing 1.2 Olfactive Cues and Emotional Response Modulation 1.3 Olfactive Cues and Virtual Reality 2 Methods 2.1 Social-Emotional Virtual Environments 2.2 Apparatus 2.3 Design and Hypotheses 2.4 Experimental Procedure 3 Discussion References Augmented Reality to Reduce Cognitive Load in Operational Decision-Making 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Materials 2.2 Experiment Design 2.3 Data Collection 2.4 Data Analysis 2.5 Study Participants 2.6 Methodological Limitations 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 The Effect of the AR DSS on Decision-Makers' Perceptions of Ease of the Task 3.2 The Effect of the AR DSS on Task Performance 3.3 The Relationship Between Perception of Ease and Task Performance 4 Conclusions 4.1 Future Work References The Effect of Metacognitive Judgments on Metacognitive Awareness in an Augmented Reality Environment 1 Introduction 1.1 Metacognitive Assessment Inventory (MAI) 2 Method 2.1 Apparatus 2.2 Participant 2.3 Learning Content 2.4 Experiment Procedure 3 Result 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Cognitive Load Quantified via Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy During Immersive Training with VR Based Basic Life Support Learning Modules in Hostile Environment 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 2 Methodology 2.1 Participants 2.2 Experimental Protocol 2.3 Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy 3 Results 3.1 Behavioral Performance 3.2 Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Results 4 Discussion References Method of Loci in VR Web Search: Memory Retention Support by Organizing Search Results in a VR Room 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Web Browsing Support in VR 2.2 Retention of Information in Memory 3 ``Spacial Bookmark'' Approach 3.1 Overview of the Spatial Bookmark 3.2 Creating Browser Placable in Space 3.3 Creating a VR Space to Spatial Bookmarks 3.4 Collecting Behavior Logs for Analysis 4 Evaluation Experiment 4.1 Implementation 4.2 Experiment Settings and Procedure 4.3 Experimental Task 4.4 Experimental Participants 4.5 Questionnaire on the Day and One Week Later 4.6 Results of the Experiment 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Understanding Human Cognition and Performance in IT Security Cognitive Security: An Architecture Informed Approach from Cognitive Science 1 Introduction 2 Cognitive Biases as Cognitive Security Vulnerabilities 3 Towards an Architectural Approach to Cognitive Security 4 Dual-Process Models of Cognition as a Framework for Cognitive Security 5 Interaction of Type 1 and Type 2 Processes and the Emergence of Cognitive Biases 6 Applying Dual-Process Models to Cognitive Security 7 Rationality, Intelligence, and Bias Mitigation 8 The Rationality Quotient and Predictors of Cognitive Performance 9 Conclusion References Changing Hearts and Minds: The Role of Cybersecurity Champion Programs in Cybersecurity Culture 1 Introduction 1.1 Tracing the Human Element in Enterprise Cybersecurity 1.2 Cultural Factors in Cybersecurity 1.3 Influencing Cybersecurity Culture 1.4 Cybersecurity Champions 2 Theoretical Background 3 Hypotheses Development 4 Next Steps and Expected Contributions of the Research References Privacy and Security Perceptions in Augmented Cognition Applications 1 Introduction 1.1 Cognitive Processes 1.2 Security Education and Training 1.3 Typical Access Controls 2 Exploratory Study 2.1 Participants 2.2 Polls and Surveys 2.3 Analysis 3 Results 3.1 How Are Students’ Perceptions of Personal Computer Security Impacted by Learning About Security Risks? 3.2 What Type of Learning Has the Greatest Impact on Participants’ Security Practices? 3.3 What Factors Influence Password Sharing Practices? 4 Emergent Study 4.1 Participants 4.2 Questions and Reflections 4.3 Results 5 Augmented Cognition Applications References CyberEscape Approach to Advancing Hard and Soft Skills in Cybersecurity Education 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methodology 4 CyberEscape Design 4.1 Competence Model 4.2 Game Scenario Overview 4.3 Physical and Digital Environment 4.4 Evaluation Approach 5 CyberEscape Delivery Results 5.1 Objective 1: Communication, Collaboration and Group Dynamics 5.2 Objective 2: Engagement and Self-efficacy 6 Conclusions and Future Work References Measuring Behavioural Cybersecurity: An Overview of Options 1 Introduction 2 The Importance of Measuring Cybersecurity Behaviour 3 Which Measurement Levels Exist? 3.1 Attitudes 3.2 Knowledge 3.3 Skills 3.4 Intentions 3.5 Behaviour 4 Current Practices in the Field 5 Self-reported Measurements 6 Objective Behavioural Measurements 6.1 Observations 6.2 Technical Measurements 7 Problems to Solve 8 Conclusion References Raising Cybersecurity Awareness Through Electronic Word of Mouth: A Data-Driven Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Importance of Raising Cybersecurity Awareness 2.2 eWOM as a Method of Raising Cybersecurity Awareness 3 Methods 4 Results 5 Discussion 5.1 Research Implications 6 Conclusion, Limitations and Future Work References Author Index