Atmospheric Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industry

__Atmospheric Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industry__ provides the most up-to-date scientific and technological methods available to quantify oil and gas industry emissions and atmospheric impacts in a manner that is relevant to the development of, compliance with, and enforcement of effective policy and regulations. The book offers a concise survey of these methods to facilitate the implementation of solutions that promote sustainable energy production. Part I covers a technical and descriptive summary of air quality and global change issues relevant to the oil and gas industry, with Part II summarizing state-of-the-art methods pertaining to the analysis and solution of the problems identified in the earlier section. Examples of state-of-the-art methods covered include real-time monitoring with chemical ionization mass spectrometry, drone-mounted mini-lasers and gas cells, tomographic remote sensing, inverse modeling of emissions, 3D fluid, chemical, and transport models, and contemporary control technologies, such as flare minimization, oxidation catalysts, and vapor recovery. In addition, field studies, policy-relevant modeling assessments, and regulatory decisions from multiple geographic regions are presented, providing readers best practices from real world applications.

Atmospheric Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industry provides the most up-to-date scientific and technological methods available to quantify oil and gas industry emissions and atmospheric impacts in a manner that is relevant to the development of, compliance with, and enforcement of effective policy and regulations. The book offers a concise survey of these methods to facilitate the implementation of solutions that promote sustainable energy production.

Part I covers a technical and descriptive summary of air quality and global change issues relevant to the oil and gas industry, with Part II summarizing state-of-the-art methods pertaining to the analysis and solution of the problems identified in the earlier section. Examples of state-of-the-art methods covered include real-time monitoring with chemical ionization mass spectrometry, drone-mounted mini-lasers and gas cells, tomographic remote sensing, inverse modeling of emissions, 3D fluid, chemical, and transport models, and contemporary control technologies, such as flare minimization, oxidation catalysts, and vapor recovery.

In addition, field studies, policy-relevant modeling assessments, and regulatory decisions from multiple geographic regions are presented, providing readers best practices from real world applications.

• Addresses major environmental issues of concern as a result of the oil and gas industry
• Reflects a balanced, objective view that is based on scientific principles
• Provides a wide geographical perspective
• Presents a rigorous and comprehensive scientific basis for crafting solutions to air quality problems created by the oil and gas industry

Content: Front-matter,Copyright,Dedication,Introduction: Definition of the ProblemEntitled to full textPart I: The Issues that MatterChapter 1 - A Brief History of Oil and Gas Development From an Environmental Perspective, Pages 3-10 Chapter 2 - Overview of Oil and Gas Processes and Their Emissions to Air, Pages 11-22 Chapter 3 - Toxic Air Pollution on Neighborhood Scales, Pages 23-29 Chapter 4 - Urban and Regional Ozone, Pages 31-45 Chapter 5 - Particulate Matter and Surface Deposition, Pages 47-53 Chapter 6 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Impacts, Pages 55-64 Chapter 7 - Emission Inventories, Pages 67-77 Chapter 8 - Ambient Air Monitoring and Remote Sensing, Pages 79-91 Chapter 9 - Data Assimilation and Inverse Modeling, Pages 93-101 Chapter 10 - Photochemical Simulation, Pages 103-119 Chapter 11 - MultiScale Impact Assessment, Pages 121-132 Chapter 12 - Emission Controls, Pages 133-141 Epilogue: The Road Ahead, Page 143 Appendix A - Conventional Air Quality Monitoring Stations, Pages 145-147 Appendix B - Source Apportionment Techniques, Pages 149-151 Index, Pages 153-158 Importance of Emissions Quantification -- Overview of Current Emissions Estimation Techniques -- Source Sampling -- Emission Factors -- Computer Models -- Engineering Calculations -- Leak Measurement During the Fort Worth Natural Gas Air Quality Study -- Flare Emission Factors -- A Storage Tank Emissions Model -- Blowdown Emissions Estimated From the Displacement Equation -- Extrapolation to the Basin Scale -- Wellhead Compressors -- Flaring -- Growth and Control Factors -- Midstream Point Source Permits -- New Source Review -- Title V -- References -- 8 Ambient Air Monitoring and Remote Sensing Front Cover -- Atmospheric Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industry -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Introduction: Definition of the Problem -- I. The Issues that Matter -- 1 A Brief History of Oil and Gas Development From an Environmental Perspective -- The Rise of Unconventional Resources -- Investigations of Environmental and Health Impacts -- References -- 2 Overview of Oil and Gas Processes and Their Emissions to Air -- Emission Source Categories -- Exploration and Production -- Gathering and Processing -- Gas and Liquid Separation -- Glycol Dehydration -- Methanol Injection Monitoring Application Types -- Mapping and Surveying -- Baseline and Trend Monitoring -- Source Attribution and Emissions Quantification -- Sampling Strategies -- Mobile Platforms With Real-Time Sensors -- Remote Sensing -- Distributed Sensor Networks -- Advanced Measurement Technologies -- Optical Techniques -- Ionization Techniques -- Other Chemical Techniques -- References -- 9 Data Assimilation and Inverse Modeling -- The Emergence of Data Assimilation -- An Eulerian Forward and Adjoint Transport Model -- Demonstration of the Adjoint Method in an Oil and Gas Application Oil and Gas Development and Urban Ozone Nonattainment -- The Cold Ozone Phenomenon -- References -- 5 Particulate Matter and Surface Deposition -- Particulate Matter Standards -- Primary Particulates From Oil and Gas Activities -- Secondary Aerosol -- Particle Deposition and Ecosystem Impacts -- References -- 6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Impacts -- The Physics of Climate Change -- Global Warming Potential -- Methane Leakage -- CO2 from Global Gas Flaring -- Tropospheric Ozone -- References -- II. Tools for Crafting Solutions -- 7 Emission Inventories Particulate Filtering -- Gas Sweetening and Sulfur Recovery -- Hydrocarbon Recovery -- Blowdown -- Combustion -- Storage and Transmission -- Waste Disposal -- Oil and Gas Supply Chains -- References -- 3 Toxic Air Pollution on Neighborhood Scales -- An Invisible Threat -- The Measurement Dilemma -- Alleged Health Effects of Oil and Gas Site Emissions -- Reactive Chemicals and Mixtures -- References -- 4 Urban and Regional Ozone -- Atmospheric Ozone and the US National Ambient Air Quality Standard -- Ozone Photochemistry -- Factors Affecting Regional Ozone This book provides the most up-to-date scientific and technological methods available to quantify oil and gas industry emissions and atmospheric impacts in a manner that is relevant to the development of, compliance with, and enforcement of effective policy and regulations