Atlas of operative oral and maxillofacial surgery

__Atlas of Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery__ is an innovative, multidisciplinary, contemporary surgical atlas covering core aspects of oral and maxillofacial surgery, head and neck reconstructive surgery and facial cosmetic surgery. The text is constructed as a procedure-based surgical atlas with special emphasis placed on depicting surgical techniques with high-resolution color illustrations and images. Chapters are written by experts in their field and are designed to provide high-yield information pertaining to procedure indications, contraindications, pertinent anatomy, techniques, post-operative management, complications and key points. Each chapter concludes with a detailed photographic case report illustrating pertinent procedure specifics such as locations for incisions, anatomical planes of dissection, key steps in the procedure, radiographs findings and pre- and postoperative photographs. Procedures are organized by sections to include: dentoalveolar and implant surgery, odontogenic head and neck infections, maxillofacial trauma surgery, orthognathic and craniofacial surgery, tempomandibular joint surgery, infections of the head and neck, facial cosmetic surgery, and pathology and reconstructive surgery. The combination of concise text, more than 1,000 color clinical illustrations and images, and case reports makes the __Atlas of Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery__ a key reference to all oral and maxillofacial surgeons, head and neck surgeons, and facial plastic surgeons and will serve as a foundation for residency training, board certification and the recently implemented recertification examinations. Atlas of Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 3 Contents 7 List of Contributors 11 Foreword 17 Acknowledgments 20 Part One Dentoalveolar and Implant Surgery 21 Chapter 1 Anatomical Considerations in Dentoalveolar Surgery 23 Mandible 23 Lingual Nerve 23 Inferior Alveolar Nerve 23 Mental Nerve 23 Maxilla 24 Nasal Cavity 24 Maxillary Sinus 24 Key Points 24 Case Reports 24 References 26 Chapter 2 Exposure and Bonding of an Impacted Tooth 27 Indications 27 Contraindications 27 Technique 27 Postoperative Management 28 Complications 28 Early Complications 28 Late Complications 28 Key Points 28 Case Reports 29 References 33 Chapter 3 Pre‐Prosthetic Surgery 34 Procedure: Fibrous Tuberosity Reduction 34 Indications 34 Contraindications 34 Surgical Technique: Wedge Reduction 34 Postoperative Management 34 Complications 34 Case Report 35 Procedure: Torus Mandibularis Reduction 37 Indications 37 Contraindications 37 Anatomy 37 Surgical Technique 37 Key Points 37 Procedure: Torus Palatinus Reduction 37 Indications 37 Contraindications 37 Anatomy 37 Surgical Technique 38 Complications of Mandibular and Maxillary Tori Reductions 38 Key Points 38 Case Report 39 References 40 Chapter 4 Extraction Site (Socket) Preservation 41 Indications 41 Contraindications 41 Technique 41 Postoperative Management 41 Complications 41 Key Points 41 Case Report 42 References 43 Chapter 5 Onlay Bone Grafting 44 Indications 44 Contraindications 44 Intraoral Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Technique 44 Transcutaneous Mandibular Augmentation Technique 45 Postoperative Management 45 Complications 45 Key Points 45 Case Reports 46 References 51 Chapter 6 Sinus Lift Grafting 52 Indications 52 Contraindications 52 Anatomy 52 Technique: Lateral Wall Technique 52 Postoperative Management 53 Complications 53 Intraoperative and Early Complications 53 Late Complications 53 Key Points 53 Case Report 54 References 56 Chapter 7 Immediate Implant‐Supported Restoration of the Edentulous Arch 57 Indications 57 Contraindications 57 Technique (Surgical) 57 Technique (Restorative) 57 Postoperative Management 58 Complications 58 Key Points 58 Case Report 58 References 61 Chapter 8 Zygomatic Implants 62 Indications 62 Contraindications 62 Anatomy 62 Implant Anatomy 62 Original Surgical Technique 62 Two‐Zygomatic‐Implant Placement 63 Modifications of the Original Protocol 63 Postoperative management 64 Complications 64 Intrasurgical Complications 64 Postoperative Complications 64 Key Points 64 Case Reports 64 References 67 Chapter 9 Cone Beam CT-Guided Dental Implant Surgery 68 Indications 68 Contraindications 68 Technique 68 Postoperative Management 69 Complications 69 Key Points 69 Case Reports 69 References 77 Part Two Odontogenic Head and Neck Infections 79 Chapter 10 Review of Spaces 81 General Principles of Surgical Infection Management 81 Vestibular Space 81 Boundaries 81 Key Points 81 Buccal Space (Buccinator Space) 82 Boundaries 82 Key Points 84 Palatal Space 84 Boundaries 84 Key Points 84 Canine Space (Infraorbital Space) 84 Boundaries 84 Key Points 84 Submental Space 84 Boundaries 84 Key Points 85 Submandibular Space (Submaxillary Space, Submylohyoid Space) 85 Boundaries 85 Key Points 86 Sublingual Space 86 Boundaries 86 Key Points 86 Case Report 87 Masticator Space (Masticatory Space, Masseter–Mandibulopterygoid Space) 88 Boundaries 88 Key Points 89 Masseteric (Submasseteric) Space 89 Boundaries 89 Key Points 90 Pterygomandibular Space 90 Boundaries 90 Key Points 90 Superficial Temporal Space (Superficial Temporal Pouch) 90 Boundaries 90 Key Points 90 Deep Temporal Space (Deep Temporal Pouch) 90 Boundaries 90 Key Points 91 Infratemporal Space (Postzygomatic Space) 91 Boundaries 91 Key Points 92 Case Report 92 Peritonsillar Space (Paratonsillar Space) 95 Boundaries 95 Key Points 95 Pharyngeal Spaces (Lateral and Retropharyngeal Spaces) 95 Lateral Pharyngeal Space (Parapharyngeal Space,Pharyngomaxillary Space, Pterygopharyngeal Space, Pharyngopterygoid Space, Peripharyngeal Space) 95 Boundaries 95 Key Points 97 Retropharyngeal Space (Retroesophageal Space, Retrovisceral Space, Posterior Visceral Space, Retropharyngeal Part of Visceral Compartment): Posterior Aspect of Grodinsky and Holyoke’s Space 3 97 Boundaries 97 Key Points 97 Case Report 98 Pretracheal Space (Perivisceral Space, Paravisceral Space, Paratracheal Space, Anterior Visceral Space, Prevertebral Part of Visceral Compartment): Anterior Aspect of Grodinsky and Holyoke’s Space 3 99 Boundaries 99 Key Points 99 Visceral Space 100 Boundaries 100 Key Points 100 Space of the Carotid Sheath (Visceral Vascular Space, Grodinsky and Holyoke’s Space 3A, “Lincoln’s Highway of the Neck”) 100 Boundaries 100 Key Points 100 Danger Space #4 (Grodinsky and Holyoke’s Space 4) 100 Boundaries 100 Key Points 100 Prevertebral (Grodinsky and Holyoke’s Space 5) 100 Boundaries 100 Key Points 101 Mediastinum 101 Boundaries 101 Key Points 102 Periorbital Space (Preseptal Space) 103 Boundaries 103 Key Points 104 Orbital Space (Postseptal Space) 104 Boundaries 104 Key Points 104 References 105 Chapter 11 Osteomyelitis 107 General Principles of Management of Osteomyelitis (Acute and Chronic) 107 Surgical Treatment Options for Osteomyelitis 107 Saucerization 107 Saucerization Technique 107 Key Points 108 Decortication 108 Decortication Technique 109 Key Points 109 Resection (Marginal and Continuity) 109 Resection Technique 109 Key Points 109 Case Report 110 References 112 Part Three Maxillofacial Trauma Surgery 113 Chapter 12 Surgical Management of the Airway 115 Surgical Cricothyrotomy 115 Indications 115 Contraindications 115 Anatomy 115 Surgical Cricothyrotomy Technique 115 Complications 116 Key Points 116 References 116 Case Report 117 Tracheotomy 117 Indications 117 Contraindications 117 Anatomy 117 Tracheotomy Procedure 118 Postoperative Management 119 Complications 119 Key Points 120 References 121 Case Report 121 Submental Intubation 123 Indications for Submental Intubation 123 Anatomy 123 Submental Intubation Procedure 123 Submental Intubation Complications 124 Key Points 124 Case Report 125 References 126 Chapter 13 Mandibular Fractures 127 Surgical Management of Anterior Mandibular Fractures (Symphysis and Parasymphysis) 127 Indications for Open Reduction of Anterior Mandibular Fractures 127 Contraindications for Open Reduction of Anterior Mandibular Fractures 127 Intraoral Surgical Approach and Open Reduction of the Anterior Mandible 127 Postoperative Management 127 Complications 128 Key Points 128 Procedure: Lag Screw Fixation 128 Indications 128 Contraindications 128 Technique 128 Key Points 128 References 129 Case Reports 129 Surgical Management of Posterior MandibularFractures (Body and Angle) 131 Indication for Open Reduction of Posterior Mandibular Fractures 131 Contraindications for Open Reduction of Posterior Mandibular Fractures 131 Submandibular Approach Layers 131 Anatomy 131 Intraoral Surgical Approach and Open Reduction of the Posterior Mandible 131 Submandibular Approach and Open Reduction of the Posterior Mandible 132 Postoperative Management 132 Complications 133 Key Points 133 References 134 Case Reports 134 Surgical Management of Mandibular Condyle Fractures (Extracapsular and Intracapsular Fractures) 139 Indications for Open Reduction of Mandibular Condyle Fractures 139 Contraindications for Open Reduction of Mandibular Condyle Fractures 139 Retromandibular Approach for Open Reduction of Extracapsular Condylar Fractures 139 Key Points for Extracapsular Open Reduction 140 Pre‐auricular Approach for Open Reduction of Intracapsular Condylar Fractures 140 Key Points for Intracapsular Open Reduction 141 Postoperative Management 141 Complications 141 References 142 Case Reports 142 Surgical Management of Atrophic Edentulous Mandibular Fractures 147 Indications for Open Reduction of Atrophic Edentulous Mandibular Fractures 147 Contraindications for Open Reduction of Atrophic Edentulous Mandibular Fractures 147 Transcervical Approach for Open Reduction of Atrophic Edentulous Mandibular Fractures 147 Postoperative Management 148 Complications 148 Key Points 148 References 149 Case Report 150 Surgical Management of Pediatric Mandibular Fractures 152 Indications for Open Reduction of Pediatric Mandibular Fractures 152 Contraindications for Open Reduction of Pediatric Mandibular Fractures 152 Pediatric Splint Fabrication and Closed Reduction 152 Closed Reduction via External Skeletal Fixation (Skeletal Wiring or Drop Wires) 152 Open Reduction with Resorbable Plates and Screws 152 Postoperative Management 152 Complications 153 Key Points 153 References 153 Case Reports 153 Surgical Management of Comminuted Mandibular Fractures 155 Indication for Open Reduction of Comminuted Mandibular Fractures 155 Contraindications for Open Reduction of Comminuted Mandibular Fractures 155 Postoperative Management 155 Complications 155 Key Points 155 Case Reports 156 External Fixation of Mandibular Fractures 158 Indications for External Fixation of Mandibular Fractures 158 Contraindication for External Fixation of Mandibular Fractures 158 External Fixation Technique 158 Postoperative Management 159 Complications 159 Key Points 159 References 159 Case Reports 160 Chapter 14 Le Fort Fractures 161 Indications for Reduction of Le Fort Fractures 161 Contraindications 161 Anatomy 161 Le Fort Fracture Signs and Symptoms 161 Le Fort Reduction Technique 161 Postoperative Management 162 Complications 162 Key Points 163 References 163 Case Reports 163 Chapter 15 Isolated Zygoma and Zygomaticomaxillary Complex (ZMC) Fractures 166 Reduction of Isolated Zygomatic Arch Fractures 166 Indications 166 Contraindications 166 Quinn Approach to the Arch 166 Gillies Approach to the Arch 166 Reduction of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures 166 Indications 166 Contraindications 167 Anatomy 167 Combined Maxillary Vestibular, Lateral Brow, and Transconjunctival Approach 167 Postoperative Management 169 Hemicoronal Approach to the Arch 169 Postoperative Management 170 Complications 170 Key Points 171 Case Reports 171 References 177 Chapter 16 Orbital Fractures 178 Indications for Reduction of Orbital Fractures 178 Contraindications 178 Anatomy 178 Important orbital wall landmarks 178 Transconjunctival (Retro‐Septal) Approach 178 Upper Eyelid (Superior Blepharoplasty, Supratarsal Fold) Incision Approach 181 Postoperative Management 182 Complications 182 Early Complications 182 Late Complications 182 Key Points 182 Case Report 184 References 185 Chapter 17 Nasal Fractures 186 Indications for Closed Reduction of Nasoseptal Fractures 186 Indications for Open Reduction of Nasoseptal Fractures 186 Contraindications 186 Anatomy 186 Closed Nasoseptal Reduction Technique 186 Open Nasoseptal Reduction Technique 187 Postoperative Management 187 Complications 187 Early Complications 187 Late Complications 187 Key Points 188 Case Reports 189 References 192 Chapter 18 Frontal Sinus Fractures 193 Indications to Frontal Sinus Obliteration 193 Indication for Frontal Sinus Cranialization 193 Contraindications for Surgical Management of Anterior Table Frontal Sinus Fractures 193 Contraindications for Surgical Management of Posterior Table Frontal Sinus Fractures 193 Anatomy 193 Coronal Incision Layers 193 Surgical Management of Anterior Table Frontal Sinus Fractures 193 Surgical Management of Posterior Table Frontal Sinus Fractures 194 Postoperative Management 195 Complications of Frontal Sinus Fractures 195 Key Points 195 Case Reports 196 References 204 Chapter 19 Panfacial and Naso‐Orbito‐Ethmoid (NOE) Fractures 205 Indications for Reduction of Panfacialand NOE Fractures 205 Contraindications 205 Anatomy 205 Transverse (Horizontal) Facial Buttresses 205 Vertical Facial Buttresses 205 Panfacial fracture and NOE reduction technique 206 Postoperative Management 207 Complications 208 Early Complications 208 Late Complications 208 Key Points 208 Case Report 209 References 214 Chapter 20 Soft Tissue Injuries 215 Stensen’s Duct Repair 215 Indication 215 Contraindications 215 Anatomy 215 Postoperative Management 216 Complications 216 Key Points 216 References 216 Case Reports 217 Complex Facial Laceration Repair 219 Indications 219 Contraindications 219 Anatomy 219 Technique 219 Postoperative Management 219 Complications 219 Key Points 220 References 222 Facial Nerve Injury Repair 222 Indications 222 Contraindications 222 Anatomy 222 Technique 223 Postoperative Management 223 Complications 223 Key Points 224 Case Report 224 References 224 Part Four Orthognathic and Craniofacial Surgery 227 Chapter 21 Maxillary Surgery 229 Le Fort 1 Osteotomy (Single Piece) 229 Indications 229 Contraindications 229 Surgical Anatomy 229 Technique 229 Postoperative Management 230 Complications 231 Key Points 231 Reference 231 Case Report 231 Segmental Maxillary Osteotomy (Two or Three Pieces) 234 Indications 234 Contraindication 234 Segmental Osteotomy Technique 234 Postoperative Management 235 Segmental Osteotomy Complications 235 Key Points 235 Reference 235 Case Report 235 Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE) 236 Indications 236 Contraindications 236 Anatomy 236 Technique 236 Postoperative Management 237 Complications 237 Key Points 237 References 237 Case Report 238 Chapter 22 Mandibular Osteotomies 240 Sagittal Ramus Osteotomy (Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy) 240 Indications 240 Contraindications 240 Anatomy 240 Sagittal Ramus Osteotomy 240 Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy (IVRO) 242 Extraoral Ramus Osteotomy 243 Postoperative Management 243 Complications 244 Intraoperative Complications 244 Postoperative Complications 244 Key Points 245 Case Reports 245 Chapter 23 Genioplasty (Anterior Sliding Osteotomy) 255 Indications 255 Contraindications 255 Anatomy 255 Technique 255 Postoperative Management 256 Complications 256 Key Points 256 Case Reports 257 Reference 259 Chapter 24 Maxillary Distraction Using Le Fort I Osteotomy and a RED 2 External Fixator 260 Indications 260 Contraindications 260 Technique 260 Postoperative Management 261 Complications 262 Key Points 262 Case Report 262 References 264 Chapter 25 Dentoalveolar Cleft Repair 265 Indications 265 Contraindications 265 Technique 265 Postoperative Management 267 Complications 267 Key Points 268 Case Reports 268 References 271 Chapter 26 Cleft Palate Repair 272 Indication 272 Contraindications 272 Anatomy 272 Bardach Two‐Flap Palatoplasty Technique 272 Postoperative Management 273 Complications 273 Key Points 273 Case Report 273 References 274 Chapter 27 Cleft Lip Repair 275 Indication 275 Contraindications 275 Anatomy 275 Modified Millard’s Rotation‐Advancement Flap Technique 275 Postoperative Management 276 Complications 276 Key Points 276 Case Report 276 References 277 Chapter 28 Orthognathic Surgery in the Cleft Patient: Le Fort I Osteotomy 278 Indications 278 Contraindications 278 Technique: Modifications to Le Fort I Osteotomies for Unrepaired and Repaired Alveolar Clefts 278 Technique: Modifications to Le Fort I Osteotomies for Bilateral Clefts 278 Postoperative Management 279 Complications 279 Key Points 279 References 280 Part Five Temporomandibular Joint Surgery 281 Chapter 29 Temporomandibular Joint Imaging 283 Indications 283 Contraindications 283 Relative Contraindications 283 Definitions 283 Anatomy 283 Five Temporomandibular Joint Ligaments 284 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Technique 284 Articular Disc Function and Common Disorders 284 Key Points 284 Case Reports 285 References 287 Chapter 30 Arthrocentesis of the Temporomandibular Joint 288 Indications 288 Contraindications 288 Anatomy 288 Technique 288 Postoperative Management 289 Complications 289 Case Report 289 References 290 Chapter 31 Arthroscopic Arthroplasty of the Temporomandibular Joint 291 Indications 291 Contraindications 291 Anatomy 291 Arthroscopic Arthroplasty (Discopexy) Technique 291 Postoperative Management 293 Complications 293 Key Points 295 Case Report 296 References 300 Chapter 32 Alloplastic Reconstruction (TMJ Concepts) of the Temporomandibular Joint and Associated Structures 301 Indications 301 Contraindications 301 Diagnosis and Surgical Planning 301 One‐Stage Alloplastic Reconstruction Using a One‐Piece or a Two‐Piece Stereolithic Model 301 Specific Indications for a One‐Piece Stereolithic Model 301 Specific Indications for a Two‐Piece Stereolithic Model 302 Two‐Stage Alloplastic Reconstruction 302 Specific Indications for Two‐Stage Alloplastic Reconstruction 302 TMJ Concepts Workup 302 Surgical Technique and Insertion of Custom TMJ Prostheses 304 Presurgical Preparation 304 Pre‐auricular Approach 304 Modified Retromandibular Approach 305 Condylar Resection without Massive Ankylosis 306 Condylar Resection with Massive Ankylosis: Two‐Stage Alloplastic Reconstruction 306 Prostheses Placement: One‐ or Two‐Stage Alloplastic Reconstruction 307 Postoperative Management 308 Complications 308 Early 308 Late 308 Key Points 308 Case Reports 310 References 318 Chapter 33 Autogenous Reconstruction of the Temporomandibular Joint 319 Indications 319 Contraindications 319 Postoperative Management 320 Complications 320 Key Points 321 Case Report 322 References 324 Chapter 34 Eminectomy 325 Indications 325 Contraindications 325 Anatomy 325 Pre‐auricular Dissection Layers 325 Technique 326 Postoperative Management 327 Complications 327 Early Complications 327 Late Complications 327 Key Points 328 Case Report 328 References 333 Part Six Facial Cosmetic Surgery 335 Chapter 35 Botulinum Toxin Type A (Botox) 337 Facial Aesthetic Indications 337 Contraindications 337 Anatomy 337 Technique 337 Postoperative Management 338 Complications 338 Early Complications 338 Late Complications 338 Key Points 339 References 341 Chapter 36 Soft Tissue Augmentation 342 Facial Aesthetic Indications 342 Contraindications 342 Anatomy 342 Injection Technique 342 Postoperative Management 343 Complications 343 Early Complications (0–7 Days) 343 Late Complications (Greater than 7 Days) 343 Key Points 343 Case Report 343 References 345 Chapter 37 Chemical Peels 346 Indications 346 Contraindications 346 Anatomy 346 Pretreatment Protocol for Chemical Peel Patients 346 Postoperative Management 347 Complications 347 Early Complications 347 Late Complications 347 Key Points 347 Case Report 348 References 349 Chapter 38 Facial CO2 Laser Resurfacing 350 Indications 350 Contraindications 350 Anatomy 350 Technique 350 Postoperative Management 351 Complications 351 Early Complications 351 Late Complications 351 Key Points 351 Case Report 352 References 353 Chapter 39 Brow Lift 354 General Indications 354 General Contraindications 354 Anatomy 354 Preoperative Markings 354 Endoscopic (Closed) Brow Lift 354 Indications 354 Contraindications 354 Technique 354 Case Report 356 Key Points 356 Trichophytic Brow Lift 360 Indication 360 Contraindications 360 Technique (Subgaleal Brow Lift) 360 Key Points 360 Case Report 361 Coronal Brow Lift 362 Indications 362 Contraindications 362 Technique 362 Key Points 363 Case Report 363 Postoperative Management for Brow Lift Procedures 365 Complications 365 Early Complications 365 Late Complications 365 Key Points 366 References 366 Chapter 40 Rhytidectomy 367 Indications 367 Contraindications 367 Anatomy 367 Superficial (supra-SMAS) Rhytidectomy Technique 367 Postoperative Management 369 Complications 369 Early Complications 369 Late Complications 369 Key Points 369 Case Report 370 References 374 Chapter 41 Upper and Lower Lid Blepharoplasty and Tear Trough Implants 375 Upper Lid Blepharoplasty Procedure 375 Indications 375 Contraindications 375 Anatomy and Definitions: Upper Lid 375 Upper Blepharoplasty Preoperative Assessment and Markings 376 Upper Lid Blepharoplasty Procedure 376 Complications 377 Key Points 378 References 378 Case Reports 378 Lower Lid Blepharoplasty Procedure 381 Indications 381 Contraindications 381 Anatomy and Definitions: Lower Lid 381 Transconjunctival Lower Lid Blepharoplasty Procedure 382 Transcutaneous Lower Lid Blepharoplasty Procedure 382 Key Points 383 Complications 383 Postoperative Management: Upper and Lower Lid Blepharoplasties 384 References 384 Case Reports 384 Tear Trough Implants 388 Indications 388 Contraindications 388 Anatomy 388 Transcutaneous Approach to the Placement of a Tear Trough Implant 388 Transconjunctival Approach to Placement of a Tear Trough Implant 389 Intraoral Approach to Placement of a Tear Trough Implant 389 Complications 389 Key Points 389 References 389 Case Report 390 Chapter 42 Rhinoplasty 391 Indications 391 Correction of Functional Nasal Deformities 391 Correction of Aesthetic Deformities as a Result of Congenital and Acquired (Trauma) Deformities 391 Contraindications 391 Anatomy 391 Septal Procedures 391 Turbinate Anatomy and Procedures 392 Nasal Valves: Anatomy and Procedures 392 Nasal Skin–Soft Tissue Envelope (S‐STE) 393 Nasal Skeleton 393 Initial Nasal Examination 393 Septal Access: Killian and Transfixion Incisions 393 Killian Incision 393 Case Report 394 Transfixion Incisions 395 Open Approach Rhinoplasty 395 Indications 395 Contraindications 395 Technique 395 Key Points: Open Rhinoplasty 396 Closed (Endonasal) Rhinoplasty 396 Indications 396 Contraindications (Relative) 397 Technique: Closed (Endonasal) Rhinoplasty 397 Key Points: Closed (Endonasal) Rhinoplasty 397 Correction of Specific Nasal Deformities 397 Upper Bony Vault and Middle Cartilaginous Vault 397 Nasal Tip 398 Alar Base and Nostrils 398 Postoperative Management 399 Early Complications 399 Late Complications 399 Key Points 400 Case Report 401 References 411 Chapter 43 Otoplasty 412 Indications 412 Contraindications 412 Anatomy 412 Initial Examination 412 Mustarde Technique (Conchascaphal Suturing): Correction of a Poorly Defined Antihelix 412 Furnas Technique (Conchamastoid Sutures): Conchal Setback to Correct Protruding or Prominent Ears 415 Postoperative Management 415 Complications 416 Early Complications 416 Late Complications 416 Key Points 416 Case Report 417 References 418 Part Seven Pathology and Reconstructive Surgery 419 Chapter 44 Benign Cysts of the Jaws 421 Odontogenic Cysts 421 Periapical Cysts 421 Dentigerous Cysts 421 Keratinizing Odontogenic Tumor (Odontogenic Keratocyst) 421 Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst (Gorlin’s Cyst) 422 Non‐odontogenic Cysts 422 Traumatic Bone Cyst (Idiopathic Bone Cavity) 422 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst 422 Nasopalatine Duct Cyst 422 Procedure: Enucleation and Curettage 422 Case Report 423 Key Points 423 Chapter 45 Benign Tumors of the Jaws 426 Non‐odontogenic Tumors 426 Tumors of Connective Tissue 426 Vascular and Reactive Lesions 426 Odontogenic Tumors 428 Odontogenic Epithelial Tumors 428 Ectomesenchymal Tumors 429 Mixed Odontogenic Tumors 429 Key Points 430 Case Report 430 References 435 Chapter 46 Malignant Tumors of the Jaws 436 Epidemiology 436 Etiology and Risk Factors 436 Premalignant Lesions 437 Site Specific Lesions 437 Lymphatic Drainage of the Oral Cavity 438 Diagnosis and Workup 439 Imaging 439 Biopsy 440 Staging 440 Key Points 440 Case Report 441 References 443 Chapter 47 Surgical Management of the Neck 444 Indications for Neck Dissection 444 Neck Dissection Classification 444 Relevant Anatomy 444 Surgical Technique 446 Selective Neck Dissection, Levels I–III 446 Radical Neck Dissection 448 Complications and Postoperative Management 449 Neurologic Injury 449 Chyle Leak 449 Bleeding 449 Key Points 449 References 450 Chapter 48 Surgical Management of Lip Cancer 451 Lip Switch Flaps: Abbe and Estlander Flaps 451 Indications 451 Contraindications 451 Flap Anatomy 451 Surgical Technique: Abbe Flap 451 Surgical Technique: Estlander Flap 452 Postoperative Management 452 Complications 452 Key Points 452 References 452 Full‐thickness Wedge Resection (V Shaped, V‐Y Shaped, and W Shaped) 452 Indications 452 Contraindications 452 Flap Anatomy 452 Surgical Technique: Full-thickness V Shaped Wedge Resection 453 Postoperative Management 453 Complications 453 Key Points 453 References 453 Case Report 454 Chapter 49 Salivary Gland Pathology 455 Mucocele (Mucous Extravasation Phenomenon) Excision 455 Indications 455 Contraindications 455 Anatomy 455 Technique 455 Postoperative Management 455 Complications 455 Key Points 455 References 456 Case Report 456 Sublingual Gland Excision 457 Indications 457 Contraindications 457 Anatomy 457 Technique: Intraoral Ranula and Sublingual Gland Excision 457 Technique: Intraoral Sublingual Gland Excision without Associated Ranula 458 Technique: Transcutaneous Plunging Ranula and Sublingual Gland Excision 458 Postoperative Management 458 Complications 458 Key Points 458 Case Report 459 References 459 Submandibular Gland Resection 461 Indications 461 Contraindications 461 Anatomy 461 Surgical Technique 461 Postoperative Management 462 Complications 462 Key Points 462 References 462 Case Report 463 Sialodochoplasty 464 Indications 464 Contraindications 464 Anatomy 464 Technique 464 Postoperative Management 465 Complications 465 Key Points 465 References 466 Case Report 466 Superficial Parotidectomy 468 Indications 468 Contraindications 468 Anatomy 468 Surgical Landmarks to Identify the Main Nerve Trunk (MNT) of the Facial Nerve 469 Procedure: Superficial Parotidectomy 469 Postoperative Management 470 Complications 470 Key Points 470 Case Report 471 References 471 Chapter 50 Neck Pathology 473 Midline Neck Pathology 473 Differential Diagnosis 473 Procedure: Excision of Midline Neck Mass 473 Indications 473 Contraindication 473 Anatomy 473 Sistrunk Procedure for Thyroglossal Duct Cyst (TGDC) Excision 473 Postoperative Management 474 Complications 474 Key Points 474 References 474 Case Report 475 Lateral Neck Pathology 475 Differential Diagnosis 475 Excision of Lateral Neck Mass 475 Indications 475 Contraindications 476 Anatomy 476 Surgical Technique: Excision of Lateral Neck Mass (Branchial Remnant) 476 Postoperative Management 477 Complications 477 Key Points 477 References 477 Case Report 477 Chapter 51 Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap 479 Indications 479 Contraindications 479 Anatomy of the Pectoralis Major Muscle 479 Pectoralis Major Muscle 479 Thoracoacromial Artery 479 Deltopectoral Groove 480 Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap Surgical Technique 480 Postoperative Management 481 Early Complications 481 Late Complications 481 Key Points 481 Case Report 482 References 485 Chapter 52 Closure of Oral‐Antral Communications 486 Indications 486 Contraindications 486 General Considerations for Fistulectomy 486 Specific Surgical Techniques for Oral-Antral Communications and Oral-Antral Fistulae 486 Primary Closure 486 Buccal Advancement Flap 486 Indication 486 Contraindication 486 Technique: Buccal Advancement Flap 486 Palatal Rotation Advancement Flap 486 Indication 486 Contraindications 487 Surgical Anatomy 487 Technique: Palatal Rotation Advancement Flap 487 Case Report 488 Buccal Fat Pad Advancement 489 Indications 489 Contraindications 489 Anatomy 489 Technique: Buccal Fat Pad Advancement 489 Case Report 489 Bone Graft 490 Indications 490 Contraindications 490 Technique: Bone Graft 490 Temporalis Muscle Flap 490 Indication 490 Contraindications 490 Anatomy 491 Technique: Temporalis Muscle Flap 491 Case Report 491 Temporoparietal Galea Flap 492 Indications 492 Contraindications 492 Anatomy 492 Technique: Temporoparietal Galea Flap 492 Case Report 493 Postoperative Management 494 Complications 494 Key Points 494 References 494 Chapter 53 Anterior Iliac Crest Bone Graft 495 Indications 495 Contraindications 495 Anatomy 495 Anterior Iliac Crest Bone Graft (AICBG) Harvesting Technique (Medial Approach) 495 Postoperative Management 496 Complications 496 Early Complications 496 Key Points 497 Case Report 497 References 499 Chapter 54 Posterior Iliac Crest Bone Graft 500 Indications 500 Contraindications 500 Anatomy of the Posterior Ilium 500 Posterior Iliac Crest Bone Graft (PICBG) Harvesting Technique 500 Posterior Iliac Approach 500 Corticocancellous (Unicortical) Harvesting 501 Cancellous‐Only Harvesting: The Trapdoor Technique 501 Closure 501 Postoperative Management 502 Complications 502 Key Points 502 Case Report 504 References 505 Chapter 55 Proximal Tibial Bone Graft 506 Indications 506 Contraindications 506 Anatomy 506 Technique: Lateral Approach to the Proximal Tibia 506 Postoperative Management 506 Complications 506 Key Points 507 Case Report 507 References 508 Chapter 56 Parietal Bone Graft 509 Indications 509 Contraindications 509 Anatomy 509 Split‐Thickness Parietal Bone Graft Harvest Procedure 509 Postoperative Management 510 Complications 510 Key Points 510 Case Report 511 References 514 Chapter 57 Costochondral Graft 515 Indications 515 Contraindications 515 Anatomy 515 Costochondral Graft (CCG) Harvest Technique 515 Postoperative Management 516 Complications 516 Immediate or Early Complications 516 Late Complications 516 Key Points 516 Case Report 517 References 518 Chapter 58 Microvascular Principles 519 Indications for Microvascular Reconstruction of Maxillofacial Defects 519 Contraindications for Microvascular Reconstruction of Maxillofacial Defects 519 Microvascular Principles and Technique 519 Key Points 521 Case Report 522 References 524 Chapter 59 Free Vascularized Fibula and Graft Harvest 525 Indications 525 Contraindications 525 Preoperative Studies 525 Flap Anatomy 525 Surgical Anatomy 525 Preoperative Preparation 526 Surgical Procedure 526 Complications 529 Key Points 530 References 530 Chapter 60 Radial Forearm Free Flap 531 Indications 531 Contraindications 531 Anatomy 531 Radial Forearm Flap Landmarks 531 Radial Forearm Flap Layers 531 Radial Forearm Flap Technique 531 Complications 532 Key Points 533 Case Report 533 References 534 Chapter 61 Anterolateral Thigh Perforator Free Flap 535 Indications 535 Contraindications 535 Anatomy 535 Preoperative Management 536 Surgical Technique 536 Postoperative Management 537 Early Complications 538 Late Complications 538 Key Points 538 Case Report 539 References 541 Chapter 62 Nerve Repair 542 "Atlas of Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is an innovative, multidisciplinary, contemporary surgical atlas covering core aspects of oral and maxillofacial surgery, head and neck reconstructive surgery and facial cosmetic surgery. The text is constructed as a procedure-based surgical atlas with special emphasis placed on depicting surgical techniques with high-resolution color illustrations and images. Chapters are written by experts in their field and are designed to provide high-yield information pertaining to procedure indications, contraindications, pertinent anatomy, techniques, post-operative management, complications and key points. Each chapter concludes with a detailed photographic case report illustrating pertinent procedure specifics such as locations for incisions, anatomical planes of dissection, key steps in the procedure, radiographs findings and pre- and postoperative photographs. Procedures are organized by sections to include: dentoalveolar and implant surgery, odontogenic head and neck infections, maxillofacial trauma surgery, orthognathic and craniofacial surgery, tempomandibular joint surgery, infections of the head and neck, facial cosmetic surgery, and pathology and reconstructive surgery. The combination of concise text, more than 1,000 color clinical illustrations and images, and case reports makes the Atlas of Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery a key reference to all oral and maxillofacial surgeons, head and neck surgeons, and facial plastic surgeons and will serve as a foundation for residency training, board certification and the recently implemented recertification examinations"--Publisher's description