Atlantic crossroads : webs of migration, culture and politics between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, 1800-2020

Unlike most books on the Atlantic that associate its history with European colonialism and thus end in 1800, this volume demonstrates that the Atlantic connections not only outlasted colonialism, they also reached unprecedented levels in postcolonial times, when the Atlantic truly became the world’s major crossroads and dominant economy. Twice as many Europeans entered New York, Buenos Aires, and São Paulo in 3 years on the eve of WWI as had arrived in all the New World during 300 years of colonial rule. Transatlantic ties surged again with mass movements from the West Indies, Latin America, and Africa to North America and Western Europe from the 1960s to the present. As befits a transnational subject, the 24 contributors in this volume come from 14 different countries. Over half of the chapters are co-authored, an exceptional level of scholarly collaboration, and all but two are explicitly comparative. Comparisons include Congo and Yoruba slaves in Brazil, Irish and Italian mercenaries and adventurers in the New World, German Lutherans in Canada and Argentina, Spanish laborers in Algeria and Cuba, the diasporic nationalism of ethnic groups without nation states, and the transatlantic politics of fascism and anti-fascism in the interwar. Overall, the volume shows the Atlantic World’s distinctiveness rested not on the level or persistence of colonial control but on the density and longevity of human migrations and the resulting high levels of social and cultural contact, circulation, connection, and mixing. This title will appeal to students and researchers in the fields of Atantic and global history, migration, diaspora, slavery, ethnicity, nationalism, citizenship, politics, anthropology, and area studies. Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Figures and Tables Contributors Introduction Notes Part I: The Longue Durée, 1400-2020 1. The making and remaking of the Atlantic World, 1400-2020 Before 1492: the Portuguese Atlantic Before and after 1492: the Canaries, the Caribbean and the American mainland Atlantic forced migration in black and white Mass migration: the European exodus, 1840s-1930s (and 1945-1975) The decline of egalitarianism in Euro-America The non-hegemonic Atlantic World, 1980-2020 ... and beyond? Notes Part II: Mass crossings, 1800-1930 2. The African presence in Brazil African ethnogenesis in Brazil Resistance Notes 3. Fighting someone else's wars? Italian and Irish soldiers, adventurers and mercenaries in the New World, 1776-1876 Italian and Irish migrants at war Ethnic units, ethnic soldiers Fighting someone else's wars? Notes 4. Polish and Ukrainian transatlantic nationalisms, 1860-1940 Polish political exiles to the 1860s The 1860-1890 period Inclusive and exclusive understanding of belonging to Polonia: Polish-Lithuanian relations in the United States Ruthenians and Poles The Ruthenian/Ukrainian experience Poles in the United States, 1890-1914 After the war: from 1918—"emigrants for themselves" Ukrainians: the Great War and beyond Notes 5. Forging Basque and Catalan nationalism in the New World Basque nationalism in the Americas On the origins of a new political identity A nationalism avant la lettre: Basque national expressions in the Americas, 1880-1900 The laborious implantation of Basque nationalism from Europe Catalan nationalism in the New World The roots of Catalanism in America Political identities and their conflicts The post-war exile and the limits of its influence Conclusion Notes References 6. Transatlantic religion: German Lutheran Missionaries in Canada and Argentina, 1880-1930 Promoting Lutheranism abroad Regional networks in North and South America A transatlantic leadership in North and South America Conclusion Notes 7. Migrants between two empires: Spanish day laborers in Cuba and Algeria, 1880-1900 Migratory flows and politics Comparable forms of recruitment On the military front of colonization Spanish men and women facing local agricultural workers Conclusion Notes Part III: Transatlantic politics, 1920s-1940s 8. Fascism and anti-Fascism among Italians in Argentina and the United States Conclusion Notes 9. Salazarism and anti-Salazarism among Portuguese immigrants in Brazil and the United States, 1930-1950 Association and emigration: identity, culture and Salazarism Periodicals as instruments of the community's conviviality The Portuguese immigrant community and Salazarism: push factors and the regime's propaganda The "other diaspora": opposition and the fight against the regime in America Conclusion Notes 10. The Spanish Falange in Mexico, 1937-1942 II III IV Notes 11. For a new Cuba and a new Spain: Popular Cuban anti-fascism and the Spanish Civil War Interconnected histories Cuban anti-fascists voice the special relationship concept Transnational solidarity and continuity of domestic activism Notes Part IV: The revival of mass crossings, 1950-2020 12. Colonial and postcolonial transatlantic migrations in the British, Dutch and French Caribbean Migrations before 1945 Migrations after the Second World War Conclusion References 13. Transatlantic loyalties toward the family through labor, care and the nation: A Cape Verdean Perspective Research context and methods The case study: Isabel's trans-Atlantic ties Identifying absences and silences Tracing "transatlantic loyalties" through space and time Conclusion Notes References 14. Chilean and Sahrawi exiles: Contesting colonial legacies and constructing political projects in Cold War and post-colonial worlds Pathways of exile: Chilean and Sahrawi trajectories Origins of Sahrawi exile and politics of opposition The roots of leftist politics: political militancies and different "socialisms" Sahrawi nation-building in exile Political strategies of exile: rethinking roads to revolution Prolonged conflict and divided Sahrawi communities From anti-fascist front to armed resistance: advance without compromise, or compromise to advance? Conclusion Notes 15. From receiver to sender: The Argentine diaspora in Europe and the Americas Argentine immigrants in the United States and in other countries in the Americas Argentines in Europe: the cases of Sweden and Italy Argentines in Spain Argentines' job placement process Construction of sociability: imaginaries and stereotypes Exile Experiences of exile Political dimensions Collapse and return Notes References Bibliography Index Unlike most books on the Atlantic that associate its history with European colonialism and thus end in 1800, this volume demonstrates that the Atlantic connections not only outlasted colonialism, they also reached unprecedented levels in postcolonial times, when the Atlantic truly became the world's major crossroads and dominant economy. Twice as many Europeans entered New York, Buenos Aires, and Sao Paulo in 3 years on the eve of WWI as had arrived in all the New World during 300 years of colonial rule. Transatlantic ties surged again with mass movements from the West Indies, Latin America, and Africa to North America and Western Europe from 1960s to the present. As befits a transnational subject, the 24 contributors in this volume come from 14 different countries. Over half of the chapters are co-authored, an exceptional level of scholarly collaboration, and all but two are explicitly comparative. Comparisons include Congo and Yoruba slaves in Brazil, Irish and Italian mercenaries and adventurers in the New World, German Lutherans in Canada and Argentina, Spanish laborers in Algeria and Cuba, the diasporic nationalism of ethnic groups without nation states, and the transatlantic politics of fascism and anti-fascism in the interwar. Overall, the volume shows the Atlantic World's distinctiveness rested not on the level or persistence of colonial control but on the density and longevity of human migrations and the resulting high levels of social and cultural contact, circulation, connection, and mixing. This title will appeal to graduate students and researchers in the varied fields of international migration, social history, comparative migration studies nationalism, diaspora, citizenship, anthropology, international relations, migration studies, and area studies "Unlike most books on the Atlantic that associate its history with European colonialism and thus end in 1800, this volume demonstrates that the Atlantic connections not only outlasted colonialism, they also reached unprecedented levels in postcolonial times, when the Atlantic truly became the world's major crossroads and dominant economy. This title will appeal to graduate students and researchers in the varied fields of international migration, social history, comparative migration studies nationalism, diaspora, citizenship, anthropology, international relations, migration studies, and area studies"-- Provided by publisher