Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean, 1570-1640 (Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press)

This work resituates the Spanish Caribbean as an extension of the Luso-African Atlantic world from the late sixteenth to the mid-seventeenth century, when the union of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns facilitated a surge in the transatlantic slave trade. After the catastrophic decline of Amerindian populations on the islands, two major African provenance zones, first Upper Guinea and then Angola, contributed forced migrant populations with distinct experiences to the Caribbean. They played a dynamic role in the social formation of early Spanish colonial society in the fortified port cities of Cartagena de Indias, Havana, Santo Domingo, and Panama City and their semirural hinterlands. David Wheat is the first scholar to establish this early phase of the "Africanization" of the Spanish Caribbean two centuries before the rise of large-scale sugar plantations. With African migrants and their descendants comprising demographic majorities in core areas of Spanish settlement, Luso-Africans, Afro-Iberians, Latinized Africans, and free people of color acted more as colonists or settlers than as plantation slaves. These ethnically mixed and economically diversified societies constituted a region of overlapping Iberian and African worlds, while they made possible Spain's colonization of the Caribbean.-- Provided by Publisher Cover 1 Contents 12 Acknowledgments 8 List of Illustrations 14 List of Abbreviations 16 Editorial Note 18 Prologue 22 Introduction 26 ONE: The Rivers of Guinea 41 TWO: The Kingdoms of Angola 89 THREE: Tangomãos and Luso-Africans 125 FOUR: Nharas and Morenas Horras 163 FIVE: Black Peasants 202 SIX: Becoming “Latin” 237 Conclusion 274 Appendix 1 Population Estimates, circa 1600 288 Appendix 2 Bishop Córdoba Ronquillo’s Proposed Sites for Agregaciones in Cartagena’s Province, 1634 304 Appendix 3 Africans, Afrocreoles, Iberians, and Others Baptized in Havana’s Iglesia Mayor, 1590–1600 308 Appendix 4 Sub-Saharan Africans Baptized in Havana by Ethnonym and Year, 1590–1600 316 Appendix 5 Free People of Color in Havana’s Baptismal Records, 1590–1600 320 A Note on Sources 326 Glossary 328 A 328 B 328 C 329 D 329 E 330 F 330 G 330 H 330 I 330 J 331 K 331 L 331 M 331 N 332 O 332 P 332 Q 333 R 333 S 333 T 333 U 333 V 334 W 334 Z 334 Index 336 A 336 B 338 C 340 D 342 E 342 F 343 G 344 H 344 I 345 J 345 K 345 L 345 M 346 N 348 O 348 P 348 Q 349 R 349 S 350 T 352 U 352 V 352 W 353 X 353 Y 353 Z 353 MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict Cover 1 Contents 12 Acknowledgments 8 List of Illustrations 14 List of Abbreviations 16 Editorial Note 18 Prologue 22 Introduction 26 ONE: The Rivers of Guinea 41 TWO: The Kingdoms of Angola 89 THREE: Tangomãos and Luso-Africans 125 FOUR: Nharas and Morenas Horras 163 FIVE: Black Peasants 202 SIX: Becoming “Latin” 237 Conclusion 274 Appendix 1 Population Estimates, circa 1600 288 Appendix 2 Bishop Córdoba Ronquillo’s Proposed Sites for Agregaciones in Cartagena’s Province, 1634 304 Appendix 3 Africans, Afrocreoles, Iberians, and Others Baptized in Havana’s Iglesia Mayor, 1590–1600 308 Appendix 4 Sub-Saharan Africans Baptized in Havana by Ethnonym and Year, 1590–1600 316 Appendix 5 Free People of Color in Havana’s Baptismal Records, 1590–1600 320 A Note on Sources 326 Glossary 328 A 328 B 328 C 329 D 329 E 330 F 330 G 330 H 330 I 330 J 331 K 331 L 331 M 331 N 332 O 332 P 332 Q 333 R 333 S 333 T 333 U 333 V 334 W 334 Z 334 Index 336 A 336 B 338 C 340 D 342 E 342 F 343 G 344 H 344 I 345 J 345 K 345 L 345 M 346 N 348 O 348 P 348 Q 349 R 349 S 350 T 352 U 352 V 352 W 353 X 353 Y 353 Z 353 This Work Resituates The Spanish Caribbean As An Extension Of The Luso-african Atlantic World From The Late Sixteenth To The Mid-seventeenth Century, When The Union Of The Spanish And Portuguese Crowns Facilitated A Surge In The Transatlantic Slave Trade. After The Catastrophic Decline Of Amerindian Populations On The Islands, Two Major African Provenance Zones, First Upper Guinea And Then Angola, Contributed Forced Migrant Populations With Distinct Experiences To The Caribbean. They Played A Dynamic Role In The Social Formation Of Early Spanish Colonial Society In The Fortified Port Cities Of Cartagena De Indias, Havana, Santo Domingo, And Panama City And Their Semirural Hinterlands.david Wheat Is The First Scholar To Establish This Early Phase Of The Africanization Of The Spanish Caribbean Two Centuries Before The Rise Of Large-scale Sugar Plantations. With African Migrants And Their Descendants Comprising Demographic Majorities In Core Areas Of Spanish Settlement, Luso-africans, Afro-iberians, Latinized Africans, And Free People Of Color Acted More As Colonists Or Settlers Than As Plantation Slaves. These Ethnically Mixed And Economically Diversified Societies Constituted A Region Of Overlapping Iberian And African Worlds, While They Made Possible Spain's Colonization Of The Caribbean.-- Provided By Publisher. The Rivers Of Guinea -- The Kingdoms Of Angola -- Tangomãos And Luso-africans -- Nharas And Morenas Horras -- Black Peasants -- Becoming Latin -- Conclusion. David Wheat. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.