At the Edge of Reformation : Iberia Before the Black Death

At the Edge of Reformation springs from Peter Linehan's continuing interest in the history of Spain and Portugal, on this occasion in the first half of the fourteenth century between the recovery of each kingdom from widespread anarchy and civil war and the onset of the Black Death. Focussing on ecclesiastical aspects of the period in that region (Galicia in particular) and secular attitudes to the privatisation of the church, it raises inter alios the question why developments there did not lead to a permanent sundering of the relationship with Rome (or Avignon) two centuries ahead of that outcome elsewhere in the West. In addressing such issues, as well as of neglected archival material in Spanish and Portuguese archives, Linehan makes use of the also unpublished so-called 'secret' registers of the popes of the period. The issues this volume raises ought to be of interest not only to students of Spanish and Portuguese society but also to those interested in the developing relationship further afield of the components of the eternal quadrilateral (pope, king, episcopate, and secular nobility) in late medieval Europe as well as of the activity in that period of the secular-minded sapientes . In this context, attention is given to the hitherto neglected attempt of Afonso IV of Portugal to appropriate the privileges of the primatial church of his kingdom and to the glorification of his Castilian son-in-law as God's vice-gerent in his. Cover 1 At the Edge of Reformation: Iberia before the Black Death 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Preface 8 Contents 10 List of Abbreviations 12 1: Early Fourteenth-Century Iberia: Anarchy in Two Kingdoms 14 PORTUGAL AND THE PAPACY SINCE 1179 22 THE SECULAR ETHIC: LEGISTS AND THEIR ROLE IN GOVERNMENT 23 ‘MOLINISM’ 25 THE PORTUGUESE CHURCH: SECULAR SYMPTOMS 27 AFONSO IV AND ALFONSO XI: FATHER-IN-LAW AND SON-IN-LAW 29 THE IBERIAN CHURCH 1318–1325 30 VALLADOLID: STUDIUM AND CORTES 33 2: Portuguese Lineages and the Privatization of the Portuguese Church 38 THE PENINSULAR CHURCH ACCORDING TO ÁLVARO PAIS 41 ‘A LAYMAN WITH HIS OWN JUDGE’ 44 ASPECTS OF THE PENINSULAR CHURCH 45 MORTMAIN IN PORTUGAL 54 THE NOBILITY AND THE MONASTERIES 58 A PORTUGUESE STUDIUM: MIGUEL VIVAS 66 3: Nobility and Naturaleza 70 1329: THE ASSEMBLY OF VINCENNES AND THE CORTES OF MADRID 71 ROYAL MARRIAGES 74 INTIMATIONS OF REFORMATION 77 PARIS AND PORTUGAL 79 1332 81 4: 1332 Continued 89 THE KING’S TWO FAMILIES 93 THE WIDER CONTEXT 97 A PENINSULAR FOCUS 99 AFONSO IV AND THE PORTUGUESE CHURCH 102 THE CASTILIAN CARDINAL 106 SECULAR CONFRONTATION 110 5: The Archbishop’s Chapel 113 PORTUGUESE CHURCH AND STATE 116 THE WAR OF WORDS 121 CENTRE AND PERIPHERY 130 6: After Salado 135 PEDRO DE CASIS AT AVIGNON 137 THE QUESTION OF THE CANARIES 141 ALGECIRAS: THE APOTHEOSIS OF ALFONSO XI 145 ‘Excepto rege Yspano’ 149 THE BRAGA CHAPEL AGAIN 151 THE CASE OF GUILLELMUS DE RIVOFORCATO 156 7: Alfonso XI: ‘A King Entire’ 160 AFONSO IV: AVIGNON WARNED 164 A GLIMPSE OF THE GALICIAN CHURCH 168 ÁLVARO PAIS AGAIN 172 8: By Way of Conclusion 174 APPENDIX I: Braga, post-August 1341. Draft appeal of Archbishop Gonçalo Pereira to Avignon in defence of the privileges of the church of Braga 182 APPENDIX II: Braga, 30 Sept. 1341. Schedule of protest of Archbishop Gonçalo Pereira against actions of king’s men read in the cloister of the cathedral in the presence of Affonso Dominguez, royal corregidor; Johan Perez and Johan Martinez tabelliães públicos of Braga 192 APPENDIX III: Avignon, 30 Sept. 1341
19 July 1342. Allegationes of Archbishop Gonçalo Pereira regarding liberty of church of Braga and judgment of five Avignon judges 198 APPENDIX IV: Ante 30 Nov. 1338. Allegationes pro camera contra allegationes et atestationes heredum archidiaconi toletani 215 APPENDIX V: Avignon, 11 April 1344. Collatio of Bishop Bernat of Huesca after the capture of Algeciras. Cambridge, Pembroke College MS 98 221 Sources and Bibliography 226 UNPUBLISHED THESES 242 Index 244 "This book springs from its author's continuing interest in the history of Spain and Portugal--on this occasion in the first half of the fourteenth century between the recovery of each kingdom from widespread anarchy and civil war and the onset of the Black Death. Focussing on ecclesiastical aspects of the period in that region (Galicia in particular) and secular attitudes to the privatization of the Church, it raises inter alios the question why developments there did not lead to a permanent sundering of the relationship with Rome (or Avignon) two centuries ahead of that outcome elsewhere in the West. In addressing such issues, as well as of neglected material in Spanish and Portuguese archives, use is made of the also unpublished so-called 'secret' registers of the popes of the period. The issues it raises concern not only Spanish and Portuguese society in general but also the developing relationship further afield of the components of the eternal quadrilateral (pope, king, episcopate, and secular nobility) in late medieval Europe, as well as of the activity in that period of those caterpillars of the commonwealth, the secular-minded sapientes. In this context, attention is given to the hitherto neglected attempt of Afonso IV of Portugal to appropriate the privileges of the primatial church of his kingdom and to advance the glorification of his Castilian son-in-law, Alfonso XI, as God's vicegerent in his." -- Oxford Scholarship Online In the early fourteenth century, Castile and Portugal were seeing the recovery of royal government after a period of near anarchy in both kingdoms. However, this coincided with, and was complicated by, developments towards secularisation within the peninsular Church, a growing mistrust of the papacy, and concerns raised by the onset of Black Death.