Astronomy Today, Global Edition

Astronomy Today 4/e (ISBN 0-13-091542-4) is the most comprehensive text by this proven team of authors. This twenty-eight chapter text begins with the foundations of the history of science and physics as they relate to astronomy (Part One), then proceeds with an "Earth-out" organization for coverage of the solar system (Part Two), stars and stellar evolution (Part Three), and galaxies and cosmology (Part Four). New with the fourth edition, the book is now available in two paperback splits: Astronomy Today 4/e: The Solar System (ISBN 0-13-093560-3) Astronomy Today 4/e: Stars and Galaxies (ISBN 0-13-093571-9) Astronomy: A Beginners' Guide to the Universe 3/e (ISBN 0-13-087307-1) E-Book CD, Companion Website, and SkyChart III Student Version Planetarium Software included with every new copy of one of the Chaisson/McMillan texts. Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 About the Authors......Page 19 Preface......Page 21 Part One: Astronomy and the Universe......Page 30 1 Charting the Heavens The Foundations of Astronomy......Page 33 1.1 Our Place in Space......Page 34 1.2 Scientific Theory and the Scientific Method......Page 36 1.3 The “Obvious” View......Page 38 1.4 Earth’s Orbital Motion......Page 41 More Precisely 1-1 Angular Measure......Page 42 1.5 The Motion of the Moon......Page 46 1.6 The Measurement of Distance......Page 52 More Precisely 1-2 Measuring Distances with Geometry......Page 56 Chapter Review......Page 57 2 The Copernican Revolution The Birth of Modern Science......Page 61 2.1 Ancient Astronomy......Page 62 2.2 The Geocentric Universe......Page 64 2.3 The Heliocentric Model of the Solar System......Page 67 Discovery 2-1 Foundations of the Copernican Revolution......Page 68 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy......Page 69 2.5 The Laws of Planetary Motion......Page 72 More Precisely 2-1 Some Properties of Planetary Orbits......Page 74 2.6 The Dimensions of the Solar System......Page 75 2.7 Newton’s Laws......Page 77 2.8 Newtonian Mechanics......Page 80 More Precisely 2-2 Weighing the Sun......Page 82 Chapter Review......Page 84 3 Radiation Information from the Cosmos......Page 87 3.1 Information from the Skies......Page 88 3.2 Waves in What?......Page 91 3.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 93 Discovery 3-1 The Wave Nature of Radiation......Page 95 3.4 Thermal Radiation......Page 96 More Precisely 3-1 The Kelvin Temperature Scale......Page 97 More Precisely 3-2 More About the Radiation Laws......Page 100 3.5 The Doppler Effect......Page 101 More Precisely 3-3 Measuring Velocities with the Doppler Effect......Page 103 Chapter Review......Page 104 4 Spectroscopy The Inner Workings of Atoms......Page 107 4.1 Spectral Lines......Page 108 4.2 Atoms and Radiation......Page 112 More Precisely 4-1 The Hydrogen Atom......Page 114 4.3 The Formation of Spectral Lines......Page 115 Discovery 4-1 The Photoelectric Effect......Page 116 4.4 Molecules......Page 119 4.5 Spectral-Line Analysis......Page 120 Chapter Review......Page 123 5 Telescopes The Tools of Astronomy......Page 127 5.1 Optical Telescopes......Page 128 5.2 Telescope Size......Page 133 5.3 Images and Detectors......Page 137 5.4 High-Resolution Astronomy......Page 139 5.5 Radio Astronomy......Page 142 5.6 Interferometry......Page 146 5.7 Space-Based Astronomy......Page 149 Discovery 5-1 The ALMA Array......Page 152 5.8 Full-Spectrum Coverage......Page 156 Chapter Review......Page 157 Part Two: Our Planetary System......Page 160 6 The Solar System Comparative Planetology and Formation Models......Page 163 6.1 An Inventory of the Solar System......Page 164 6.2 Measuring the Planets......Page 166 6.3 The Overall Layout of the Solar System......Page 167 6.4 Terrestrial and Jovian Planets......Page 168 Discovery 6-1 Gravitational “Slingshots”......Page 170 6.5 Interplanetary Matter......Page 171 6.6 How Did the Solar System Form?......Page 172 Discovery 6-2 Spacecraft Exploration of the Solar System......Page 174 More Precisely 6-1 Angular Momentum......Page 177 6.7 Jovian Planets and Planetary Debris......Page 180 Chapter Review......Page 184 7 Earth Our Home in Space......Page 189 7.2 Earth’s Atmosphere......Page 190 More Precisely 7-1 Why Is the Sky Blue?......Page 193 Discovery 7-1 The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming......Page 195 7.3 Earth’s Interior......Page 196 More Precisely 7-2 Radioactive Dating......Page 200 7.4 Surface Activity......Page 201 7.5 Earth’s Magnetosphere......Page 208 7.6 The Tides......Page 210 Chapter Review......Page 213 8 The Moon and Mercury Scorched and Battered Worlds......Page 217 8.1 Orbital Properties......Page 218 8.2 Physical Properties......Page 219 8.3 Surface Features on the Moon and Mercury......Page 220 8.4 Rotation Rates......Page 223 More Precisely 8-1 Why Air Sticks Around......Page 224 Discovery 8-1 Lunar Exploration......Page 226 8.5 Lunar Cratering and Surface Composition......Page 229 8.6 The Surface of Mercury......Page 234 8.7 Interiors......Page 236 8.8 The Origin of the Moon......Page 238 8.9 Evolutionary History of the Moon and Mercury......Page 239 Chapter Review......Page 241 9 Venus Earth’s Sister Planet......Page 245 9.1 Orbital Properties......Page 246 9.2 Physical Properties......Page 247 9.3 Long-Distance Observations of Venus......Page 248 9.4 The Surface of Venus......Page 249 9.5 The Atmosphere of Venus......Page 256 9.6 Venus’s Magnetic Field and Internal Structure......Page 260 Chapter Review......Page 261 10 Mars A Near Miss for Life?......Page 265 10.1 Orbital Properties......Page 266 10.3 Long-Distance Observations of Mars......Page 267 10.4 The Martian Surface......Page 268 10.5 Water on Mars......Page 272 Discovery 10-1 Life on Mars?......Page 278 10.6 The Martian Atmosphere......Page 284 10.7 Martian Internal Structure......Page 287 10.8 The Moons of Mars......Page 288 Chapter Review......Page 289 11 Jupiter Giant of the Solar System......Page 293 11.1 Orbital and Physical Properties......Page 294 11.2 Jupiter Atmosphere......Page 296 11.3 Internal Structure......Page 302 Discovery 11-2 Almost a Star?......Page 304 11.4 Jupiter’s Magnetosphere......Page 305 11.5 The Moons of Jupiter......Page 307 Chapter Review......Page 315 12 Saturn Spectacular Rings and Mysterious Moons......Page 319 12.1 Orbital and Physical Properties......Page 320 12.2 Saturn’s Atmosphere......Page 321 12.3 Saturn’s Interior and Magnetosphere......Page 324 12.4 Saturn’s Spectacular Ring System......Page 326 12.5 The Moons of Saturn......Page 332 Discovery 12-1 Dancing Among Saturn’s Moons......Page 334 Chapter Review......Page 343 13 Uranus and Neptune The Outer Worlds of the Solar System......Page 347 13.1 The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune......Page 348 13.2 Orbital and Physical Properties......Page 350 13.3 The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune......Page 352 13.4 Magnetospheres and Internal Structure......Page 354 13.5 The Moon Systems of Uranus and Neptune......Page 356 13.6 The Rings of the Outermost Jovian Planets......Page 360 Chapter Review......Page 363 14 Solar System Debris Keys to Our Origin......Page 367 14.1 Asteroids......Page 368 14.2 Comets......Page 373 Discovery 14-1 What Killed the Dinosaurs?......Page 378 14.3 Beyond Neptune......Page 381 14.4 Meteroids......Page 386 Chapter Review......Page 391 15 EXOPLANETS Planetary Systems Beyond Our Own......Page 395 15.1 Modeling Planet Formation......Page 396 15.2 Solar System Regularities and Irregularities......Page 397 15.3 Searching for Extrasolar Planets......Page 398 15.4 Exoplanet Properties......Page 401 Discovery 15-1 The Closest Exoplanet......Page 404 15.5 Is Our Solar System Unusual?......Page 407 Chapter Review......Page 411 Part Three: Stars and Stellar Evolution......Page 414 16 The Sun Our Parent Star......Page 417 16.1 Physical Properties of the Sun......Page 418 16.2 The Solar Interior......Page 420 Discovery 16-1 Eavesdropping on the Sun......Page 423 16.3 The Sun’s Atmosphere......Page 425 16.4 Solar Magnetism......Page 428 16.5 The Active Sun......Page 433 Discovery 16-2 Solar–Terrestrial Relations......Page 437 16.6 The Heart of the Sun......Page 438 More Precisely 16-1 Fundamental Forces......Page 441 16.7 Observations of Solar Neutrinos......Page 442 More Precisely 16-2 Energy Generation in the Proton–Proton Chain......Page 444 Chapter Review......Page 445 17 The Stars Giants, Dwarfs, and the Main Sequence......Page 449 17.1 The Solar Neighborhood......Page 450 17.2 Luminosity and Apparent Brightness......Page 453 17.3 Stellar Temperatures......Page 456 More Precisely 17-1 More on the Magnitude Scale......Page 458 17.4 Stellar Sizes......Page 460 More Precisely 17-2 Estimating Stellar Radii......Page 461 17.5 The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram......Page 462 17.6 Extending the Cosmic Distance Scale......Page 465 17.7 Stellar Masses......Page 468 More Precisely 17-3 Measuring Stellar Masses in Binary Stars......Page 471 17.8 Mass and Other Stellar Properties......Page 470 Chapter Review......Page 473 18 The Interstellar Medium Gas and Dust Among The Stars......Page 477 18.1 Interstellar Matter......Page 478 18.2 Emission Nebulae......Page 481 18.3 Dark Dust Clouds......Page 487 18.4 18-Centimeter Radiation......Page 490 18.5 Interstellar Molecules......Page 491 Chapter Review......Page 493 19 Star Formation A Traumatic Birth......Page 497 19.1 Star-Forming Regions......Page 498 More Precisely 19-1 Competition in Star Formation......Page 499 19.2 The Formation of Stars Like the Sun......Page 500 19.3 Stars of Other Masses......Page 505 19.4 Observations of Cloud Fragments and Protostars......Page 506 Discovery 19-1 Observations of Brown Dwarfs......Page 507 19.5 Shock Waves and Star Formation......Page 512 19.6 Star Clusters......Page 514 Discovery 19-2 Eta Carinae......Page 518 Chapter Review......Page 519 20 Stellar Evolution The Life and Death of a Star......Page 523 20.2 Evolution of a Sun-Like Star......Page 524 20.3 The Death of a Low-Mass Star......Page 530 Discovery 20-1 Learning Astronomy from History......Page 536 20.4 Evolution of Stars More Massive than the Sun......Page 537 Discovery 20-2 Mass Loss from Giant Stars......Page 539 20.5 Observing Stellar Evolution in Star Clusters......Page 540 20.6 Stellar Evolution in Binary Systems......Page 543 Chapter Review......Page 545 21 Stellar Explosions Novae, Supernovae, and the Formation of the Elements......Page 549 21.1 Life after Death for White Dwarfs......Page 550 21.2 The End of a High-Mass Star......Page 552 21.3 Supernovae......Page 554 21.4 The Formation of the Elements......Page 558 Discovery 21-1 Supernova 1987A......Page 560 21.5 The Cycle of Stellar Evolution......Page 566 Chapter Review......Page 567 22 Neutron Stars and Black Holes Strange States of Matter......Page 571 22.1 Neutron Stars......Page 572 22.2 Pulsars......Page 573 22.3 Neutron-Star Binaries......Page 576 22.4 Gamma-Ray Bursts......Page 580 22.5 Black Holes......Page 583 22.6 Einstein’s Theories of Relativity......Page 585 Discovery 22-1 Special Relativity......Page 587 22.7 Space Travel Near Black Holes......Page 589 22.8 Observational Evidence for Black Holes......Page 592 More Precisely 22-1 Tests of General Relativity......Page 594 Discovery 22-2 Gravity Waves: A New Window on the Universe......Page 596 Chapter Review......Page 599 Part Four: Galaxies and Cosmology......Page 602 23 The Milky Way Galaxy A Spiral in Space......Page 605 23.1 Our Parent Galaxy......Page 606 23.2 Measuring the Milky Way......Page 607 Discovery 23-1 Early “Computers”......Page 612 23.3 Galactic Structure......Page 614 23.4 The Formation of the Milky Way......Page 617 23.5 Galactic Spiral Arms......Page 619 Discovery 23-2 Density Waves......Page 622 23.6 The Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy......Page 623 23.7 The Galactic Center......Page 627 Chapter Review......Page 631 24 Galaxies Building Blocks of the Universe......Page 635 24.1 Hubble’s Galaxy Classification......Page 636 24.2 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space......Page 643 24.3 Hubble’s Law......Page 647 24.4 Active Galactic Nuclei......Page 650 24.5 The Central Engine of an Active Galaxy......Page 658 Chapter Review......Page 663 25 Galaxies and Dark Matter The Large-Scale Structure of the Cosmos......Page 667 25.1 Dark Matter in the Universe......Page 668 25.2 Galaxy Collisions......Page 671 25.3 Galaxy Formation and Evolution......Page 673 Discovery 25-1 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey......Page 679 25.4 Black Holes in Galaxies......Page 680 25.5 The Universe on Large Scales......Page 684 Chapter Review......Page 691 26 Cosmology The Big Bang and the Fate of the Universe......Page 695 26.1 The Universe on the Largest Scales......Page 696 26.2 The Expanding Universe......Page 698 26.3 The Fate of the Cosmos......Page 701 26.4 The Geometry of Space......Page 703 More Precisely 26-1 Curved Space......Page 705 26.5 Will the Universe Expand Forever?......Page 706 26.6 Dark Energy and Cosmology......Page 708 Discovery 26-1 Einstein and the Cosmological Constant......Page 709 26.7 The Cosmic Microwave Background......Page 711 Chapter Review......Page 713 27 The Early Universe Toward the Beginning of Time......Page 717 27.1 Back to the Big Bang......Page 718 27.2 Evolution of the Universe......Page 721 More Precisely 27-1 More on Fundamental Forces......Page 722 27.3 Formation of Nuclei and Atoms......Page 725 27.4 The Inflationary Universe......Page 728 27.5 Formation of Structure in the Universe......Page 733 27.6 Cosmic Structure and the Microwave Background......Page 735 Chapter Review......Page 739 28 Life in the Universe Are We Alone?......Page 743 28.1 Cosmic Evolution......Page 744 Discovery 28-1 The Virus......Page 745 28.2 Life in the Solar System......Page 750 28.3 Intelligent Life in the Galaxy......Page 752 28.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence......Page 757 Chapter Review......Page 761 Appendix 1 Scientific Notation......Page 765 Appendix 2 Astronomical Measurement......Page 766 Appendix 3 Tables......Page 767 A......Page 773 B......Page 774 C......Page 775 D......Page 777 E......Page 778 G......Page 779 H......Page 781 J......Page 782 L......Page 783 M......Page 784 N......Page 785 P......Page 786 R......Page 788 S......Page 790 T......Page 793 W......Page 794 Z......Page 795 Answers to Check Questions......Page 797 Answers to Self-Test Questions......Page 802 Photo Credits/Text Permissions......Page 805 C......Page 809 D......Page 810 G......Page 811 I......Page 812 M......Page 813 N......Page 814 R......Page 815 S......Page 816 T......Page 817 Z......Page 818 Star Charts......Page 819 Pt. 1. Astronomy And The Universe -- Prologue : Charting The Heavens -- Ch. 1. The Copernican Revolution : The Birth Of Modern Science -- 2. Light And Matter : The Inner Workings Of The Cosmos -- 3. Telescopes : The Tools Of Astronomy -- Pt. 2. Our Planetary System -- 4. The Solar System : Interplanetary Matter And The Birth Of The Planets -- 5. Earth And Its Moon : Our Cosmic Backyard -- 6. The Terrestrial Planets : A Study In Contrasts -- 7. The Jovian Planets : Giants Of The Solar System -- 8. Moons, Rings, And Pluto : Small Worlds Among Giants -- Pt. 3. Stars And Stellar Evolution -- 9. The Sun : Our Parent Star -- 10. Measuring The Stars : Giants, Dwarfs, And The Main Sequence -- 11. The Interstellar Medium : Birthplace Of Stars -- 12. Stellar Evolution : The Lives And Deaths Of Stars -- 13. Neutron Stars And Black Holes : Strange States Of Matter -- Pt. 4. Galaxies And Cosmology -- 14. The Milky Way Galaxy : A Grand Design -- 15. Normal Galaxies : The Large-scale Structure Of The Universe -- 16. Active Galaxies And Quasars : Limits Of The Observable Universe -- 17. Cosmology : The Big Bang And The Fate Of The Universe -- 18. Life In The Universe : Are We Alone? Eric Chaisson, Steve Mcmillan. Includes Index. System Requirements For Accompanying Computer Disc: Windows/pc; Windows 95/98/nt 4.0x : Macintosh, Powerpc; System 7.6.1 Or Above. Designed for readers with little or no scientific background, this brief paperback introduction to astronomy features an exceptionally clear writing style, an emphasis on critical thinking and visualization, and a leading-edge technology program-including an accompanying full-featured electronic multimedia version of the book and companion Web site. A dynamic art program includes numerous radio, infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray images and transparent full-color overlays.The copernican revolution; light and matter: the inner workings of the cosmos; telescopes: the tools of astronomy; the solar system: interplanetary matter and the birth of the planets; earth and its moon; the terrestrial planets; the Jovian planets; moon, rings, and pluto; the sun; measuring the stars; the interstellar medium; stellar evolution; neutron stars and black holes; the Milky Way galaxy; normal galaxies; active galaxies and quasars; cosmology: the Big Bang and the fate of the universe; life in the universe: are we alone? With Astronomy Today, 8th Edition, trusted authors Eric Chaisson and Steve McMillan communicate their excitement about astronomy, delivering current and thorough science with insightful pedagogy. The text emphasises critical thinking and visualisation, and it focuses on the process of scientific discovery, teaching students “how we know what we know.” The full text downloaded to your computer With eBooks you can: search for key concepts, words and phrases make highlights and notes as you study share your notes with friends eBooks are downloaded to your computer and accessible either offline through the Bookshelf (available as a free download), available online and also via the iPad and Android apps. Upon purchase, you'll gain instant access to this eBook. Time limit The eBooks products do not have an expiry date. You will continue to access your digital ebook products whilst you have your Bookshelf installed. This number one, best-selling astronomy text reflects the most current findings in astronomy using a clear, accurate exposition, market-leading art program, and the most innovative, integrated media program available. A free CD is included with each copy of the text with a multimedia version of the text and links directly to the widely praised Chaisson/McMillan companion web site at http://www.prenhall.com/chaisson. The CD contains approximately 35 updates on events and discoveries that have occurred since the print-based book was published. " ... [T]he most comprehensive text by this proven team of authors. This twenty-eight chapter text begins with the foundations of the history of science and physics as they relate to astronomy (Part One), then proceeds with an "Earth-out" organization for coverage of the solar system (Part Two), stars and stellar evolution (Part Three), and galaxies and cosmology (Part Four)."--Résumé de la notice dérivée This guide to Astronomy includes coverage of the search for extrasolar planets, a discussion of the accelerating universe, expanded coverage of gamma ray bursts and continuing coverage of the Galileo mission to Jupiter. There are questions integrated throughout each chapter. __Astronomy Today 4/e____Astronomy Today 4/e: The Solar System____Astronomy Today 4/e: Stars and Galaxies____Astronomy: A Beginners' Guide to the Universe 3/e__**E-Book CD, Companion Website, and SkyChart III Student Version Planetarium Software**