Astronomical Applications of Astrometry : Ten Years of Exploitation of the Hipparcos Satellite Data

The Hipparcos satellite, developed and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1989, was the first space mission dedicated to astrometry - the accurate measurement of positions, distances, and proper motions of stars. Amongst the key achievements of its measurements are refining the cosmic distance scale, characterising the large-scale kinematic motions in the Solar neighbourhood, providing precise luminosities for stellar modelling, and confirming Einstein's prediction of the effect of gravity on starlight. This authoritative account of the Hipparcos contributions over the following decade is an outstanding reference for astronomers, astrophysicists and cosmologists. It reviews the applications of the data in different areas, describing the subject and the state-of-the-art before Hipparcos, and summarising all major contributions to the topic made by Hipparcos. It contains a detailed overview of the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, their annexes and their updates. Each chapter ends with comprehensive references to relevant literature. Half-title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Dedication 7 Contents 9 Preface 17 The context 17 Historical perspective 17 The Hipparcos mission 18 The Hipparcos science 19 The review 19 Acknowledgments 20 References 22 1 The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues 25 1.1 Overview 25 1.2 Observation principles 25 1.3 Hipparcos Input Catalogue 28 1.4 Hipparcos Catalogue and Annexes 29 1.4.1 Hipparcos astrometry 29 1.4.2 Hipparcos photometry 35 1.4.3 Hipparcos double and multiple systems 36 1.4.4 Intermediate astrometric and transit data 36 1.4.5 Transformation of astrometric data 38 1.5 Tycho Catalogue and Annexes 39 1.5.1 Tycho astrometry 40 1.5.2 Tycho photometry 41 1.5.3 Tycho double and multiple systems 42 1.6 Post-publication Hipparcos reductions 42 1.7 Post-publication Tycho reductions 43 1.8 Catalogue products 44 1.8.1 Organisation 44 1.8.2 Availability 44 1.9 Recommended catalogues 46 1.10 Catalogue investigations post-publication 46 1.10.1 Error assessment: Internal 46 1.10.2 Error assessment: External 48 1.11 Catalogue combinations to reveal long-period binaries 51 1.12 Reference frame studies: Optical, radio and infrared 54 1.13 Radial velocities 56 1.13.1 Data to complement the Hipparcos Catalogue 56 1.13.2 Astrometric radial velocities 59 1.14 Cross-identifications 62 1.15 Relativity and astrometry 62 1.16 Astrometry beyond Hipparcos 67 References 69 2 Derived catalogues and applications 78 2.1 Introduction 78 2.2 Reference system for meridian circles 80 2.3 Reference system for astrolabes 83 2.4 Reference system for the Astrographic Catalogue and Carte du Ciel 84 2.5 Reference system for Schmidt plates 86 2.5.1 Guide Star Catalogue 88 2.5.2 USNO A1, A2, B1 89 2.5.3 SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey 89 2.6 Other photographic surveys 93 2.6.1 Re-reduction of the AGK2 93 2.6.2 Re-reduction of the CPC2 93 2.6.3 Re-reduction of the NPM and SPM 93 2.6.4 Other photographic surveys 95 2.7 Reference system for CCD surveys 96 2.7.1 USNO catalogues: UCAC 1/2 and NOMAD 96 2.7.2 FASTT 98 2.7.3 Sloan Digital Sky Survey 98 2.7.4 Other CCD imaging systems 99 2.8 Infrared reference frame 99 2.9 Atmospheric attenuation and refraction 99 2.10 Proper motion surveys 100 2.10.1 High proper motion surveys 100 2.10.2 Other proper motions surveys 102 2.11 Parallaxes 103 2.11.1 Ground-based parallaxes 103 2.11.2 Common proper motion systems 104 2.12 Other applications 104 2.12.1 Celestial cartography 104 2.12.2 Handbooks and related compilations 106 2.12.3 Satellite and telescope operations 107 2.12.4 Education and outreach 107 References 108 3 Double and multiple stars 115 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 Double and multiple stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue 115 3.2.1 Observational effects of multiplicity 117 3.2.2 Classification of solutions 118 3.2.3 Accuracy verification 120 3.3 Tycho Catalogue double stars 121 3.4 Subsequent investigations of double and multiple stars 123 3.4.1 Improved solutions 123 3.4.2 Single stars showing evidence for binarity: The Deltamu binaries 125 3.4.3 Statistical properties 127 3.5 Orbital systems 135 3.5.1 General properties 135 3.5.2 Individual orbital systems 144 3.6 Eclipsing binaries 149 3.7 Contact binaries: W UMa, symbiotic, and RS CVn systems 154 3.8 Ground-based follow-up observations 157 3.8.1 Astrometry 157 3.8.2 Radial velocity and spectroscopy 158 3.8.3 Photometry 158 3.8.4 Speckle interferometry 158 3.8.5 Adaptive optics 162 3.8.6 Long-baseline interferometry 163 References 163 4 Photometry and variability 177 4.1 Hipparcos and Tycho photometric data 177 4.1.1 Magnitudes and photometric systems 177 4.1.2 Hipparcos and Tycho photometric systems 178 4.1.3 Main mission photometric reductions 178 4.1.4 Tycho photometric reductions 180 4.1.5 Variability analysis 180 4.1.6 Data products 181 4.2 Photometric properties and validation 182 4.3 Photometric calibration in the optical 185 4.4 Photometric calibration in the infrared 189 4.5 Photometric calibration in the ultraviolet 189 4.6 Variability 191 4.6.1 Variability detection methods 191 4.6.2 Tycho variables 194 4.6.3 Contribution of amateur astronomers 195 4.7 Variability over the HR diagram 196 4.8 Main instability strip 197 4.8.1 Cepheid variables 197 4.8.2 W Virginis variables 198 4.8.3 RR Lyrae variables 198 4.9 Pulsators on or near the main sequence 198 4.9.1 Delta Scuti variables 199 4.9.2 Rapidly-oscillating Ap (roAp) stars 205 4.9.3 Gamma Doradus variables 208 4.9.4 Beta Cephei variables 209 4.9.5 Supergiants: Pulsating O and Alpha Cyg variables 210 4.9.6 Slowly-pulsating B stars 210 4.9.7 Maia variables 213 4.10 Red variables: Long-period, Mira, and semi-regular 213 4.11 Individual objects 221 References 221 5 Luminosity calibration and distance scale 231 5.1 Introduction 231 5.2 Statistical biases 232 5.2.1 Malmquist bias 233 5.2.2 Lutz-Kelker bias 233 5.2.3 Maximum likelihood techniques 235 5.2.4 Astrometry-based luminosity, or reduced parallax 235 5.2.5 Reduced proper motions 236 5.3 Secular and statistical parallaxes 236 5.4 Absolute magnitude versus spectral type 236 5.5 Luminosity indicators using spectral lines 243 5.5.1 Wilson-Bappu effect 244 5.5.2 Equivalent width of O I 246 5.5.3 Interstellar lines 246 5.6 Use of standard candles 247 5.7 Population I distance indicators 248 5.7.1 Classical Cepheids 248 5.7.2 Red clump giants 254 5.7.3 Mira and semi-regular variables 260 5.7.4 Other Population I distance indicators 263 5.8 Population II distance indicators 263 5.8.1 Subdwarf main-sequence fitting 263 5.8.2 RR Lyrae and horizontal branch stars 270 5.8.3 Other Population II distance indicators 275 5.9 The Magellanic Clouds 277 5.9.1 Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud 277 5.9.2 Dynamics of the Magellanic Clouds 277 5.10 Other galaxies 279 5.11 Supernovae 282 References 283 6 Open clusters, groups and associations 297 6.1 Introduction 297 6.2 Detection methods 298 6.2.1 General considerations 298 6.2.2 Convergent-point method 299 6.2.3 Other search methods 300 6.3 The Hyades 303 6.3.1 Introduction 303 6.3.2 Convergent-point analyses 303 6.3.3 Hipparcos results 304 6.3.4 Chemical composition and theoretical models 304 6.3.5 Secular parallaxes 307 6.3.6 Further complications 309 6.3.7 N-body analyses 310 6.3.8 Summary of uncertainties 311 6.4 The Pleiades 311 6.4.1 Introduction 311 6.4.2 Hipparcos distance estimates 312 6.4.3 Main-sequence fitting post-Hipparcos 314 6.4.4 Other distance estimates 316 6.4.5 Summary of the Pleiades distance 319 6.5 Distances to other nearby clusters 320 6.6 Other astrophysical applications 321 6.7 Searches for new clusters and members 322 6.8 Specific clusters 324 6.9 Kinematic groups 326 6.9.1 Introduction 326 6.9.2 Detection of kinematic groups 328 6.9.3 Origin of kinematic groups 334 6.10 Associations 335 6.10.1 Introduction 335 6.10.2 Large-scale studies 336 6.10.3 Individual associations 342 6.10.4 Young nearby streams, associationsor moving groups 343 6.10.5 The Gould Belt 348 7 Stellar structure and evolution 363 7.1 Introduction 363 7.2 Observational framework and the HR diagram 364 7.2.1 Bolometric magnitudes 365 7.2.2 Effective temperatures 365 7.2.3 Surface gravities 366 7.2.4 Abundances 367 7.3 Theoretical framework 367 7.3.1 Equation-of-state and opacities 367 7.3.2 Atmospheres 369 7.3.3 Transport processes 369 7.3.4 Evolutionary tracks and isochrones 370 7.4 Fundamental parameters from Hipparcos 373 7.4.1 Bolometric magnitudes 373 7.4.2 Effective temperatures 373 7.4.3 Surface gravities 377 7.4.4 Stellar radii 379 7.5 Hipparcos results on stellar evolution 385 7.5.1 Nearby stars 385 7.5.2 Zero-age main sequence 389 7.5.3 Subdwarfs and other Population II stars 390 7.5.4 Subgiants 393 7.5.5 Giants 394 7.5.6 Horizontal branch 395 7.5.7 Asymptotic giant branch 397 7.5.8 Mass loss 397 7.5.9 Binary systems 399 7.5.10 Other results 401 7.6 Abundances 401 7.6.1 [Fe/H] 401 7.6.2 -elements 402 7.6.3 Helium 403 7.6.4 Lithium 404 7.6.5 Metal-poor stars 407 7.6.6 Super metal-rich stars 409 7.6.7 Chemical enrichment of the Galaxy 410 7.7 Other stellar properties 413 7.7.1 Rotation 413 7.7.2 Magnetic field 416 7.7.3 Imaging of surface structure 419 7.8 Asteroseismology 419 References 422 8 Specific stellar types and the ISM 437 8.1 Pre-main-sequence stars 437 8.1.1 Introduction 437 8.1.2 T Tauri stars 437 8.1.3 Herbig Ae/Be stars 443 8.2 Main-sequence evolutionary phases 445 8.2.1 Be stars 445 8.2.2 Shell stars 450 8.2.3 Chemically peculiar (Ap/Bp/Am stars) 450 8.2.4 Flare stars 451 8.2.5 Lambda Bootis stars 452 8.3 X-ray sources 454 8.4 Late stages of stellar evolution 462 8.4.1 Wolf-Rayet stars 462 8.4.2 Runaway stars 464 8.4.3 Carbon stars 473 8.4.4 Hydrogen-deficient carbon-rich stars 476 8.4.5 Technetium stars 476 8.4.6 Barium stars 477 8.4.7 Planetary nebulae 477 8.4.8 White dwarfs 479 8.4.9 Supernovae, pulsars, and neutron stars 488 8.5 Local interstellar medium 488 8.5.1 Local bubble 488 8.5.2 Extinction and reddening 493 8.5.3 Polarisation 498 8.5.4 Interstellar radiation field 499 References 499 9 Structure of the Galaxy 514 9.1 Introduction 514 9.1 Overall structure of the Galaxy 514 9.2 Hipparcos contributions 515 9.3 Concepts and definitions 515 9.2 The Sun within the Galaxy 519 9.2.1 Distance to the Galactic centre 519 9.2.2 Distance from the Galactic plane 520 9.2.3 Velocity dispersion and vertex deviation 521 9.2.4 Solar motion with respect to the local standard of rest 521 9.2.5 Rotation speed of the disk 523 9.2.6 Stellar kinematics in the Oort-Lindblad model 525 9.2.7 Stellar kinematics in the Ogorodnikov-Milne model 527 9.2.8 Stellar kinematics and vector harmonics 532 9.3 Census of nearby stars 533 9.4 Derived characteristics 534 9.4.1 Mass density in the solar neighbourhood 534 9.4.2 Escape velocity 538 9.4.3 Initial mass function 539 9.4.4 Star-formation rate 541 9.5 Properties of the disk 543 9.6 Properties of the bar 551 9.7 Properties of the spiral arms 554 9.8 Properties of the stellar warp 559 9.9 The stellar halo 562 9.9.1 Mass and extent 562 9.9.2 Rotation, shape and velocity dispersion 563 9.9.3 Formation 564 9.9.4 Halo substructure 566 9.10 Models of the various Galaxy components 568 9.11 Globular clusters 569 9.11.1 Introduction 569 9.11.2 Ages 571 9.11.3 Independent age estimates of the oldest halo objects 572 9.11.4 Consequences of globular cluster ages 572 9.11.5 Kinematics and dynamics 574 9.11.6 Cluster disruption 577 9.11.7 Tidal streams and the mass of the Galaxy 578 9.11.8 Individual globular clusters 579 References 579 10 Solar System and exoplanets 590 10.1 Hipparcos Solar System objects 590 10.2 Asteroids: Masses and orbits 592 10.2.1 Mass determination 592 10.2.2 Orbits and photometry 594 10.3 Planets, satellites, occultations and appulses 595 10.4 Dynamical reference system 599 10.4.1 Constraining precession 599 10.4.2 Earth rotation and polar motion 602 10.5 Passage of nearby stars 607 10.6 Earth's climate 610 10.6.1 Maunder minimum 610 10.6.2 Sun's orbit and the spiral arms 610 10.6.3 Sun's orbit and Galactic plane passages 613 10.7 Exoplanets, brown dwarfs and disks 614 10.7.1 Introduction 614 10.7.2 Astrometric detection 615 10.7.3 Photometric transits 622 10.7.4 Host star properties 625 10.7.5 Proto-planetary disks 628 10.7.6 Habitability and related issues 630 10.7.7 Solar twins and solar analogues 631 10.7.8 Search for extraterrestrial intelligence 633 References 634 Appendix A Numerical quantities 643 Numerical quantities 643 References 646 Appendix B Acronyms 647 Appendix C Author gallery 652 Index of first authors 663 Subject index 682 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Historical perspective......Page 17 The Hipparcos mission......Page 18 The review......Page 19 Acknowledgments......Page 20 References......Page 22 1.2 Observation principles......Page 25 1.3 Hipparcos Input Catalogue......Page 28 1.4.1 Hipparcos astrometry......Page 29 1.4.2 Hipparcos photometry......Page 35 1.4.4 Intermediate astrometric and transit data......Page 36 1.4.5 Transformation of astrometric data......Page 38 1.5 Tycho Catalogue and Annexes......Page 39 1.5.1 Tycho astrometry......Page 40 1.5.2 Tycho photometry......Page 41 1.6 Post-publication Hipparcos reductions......Page 42 1.7 Post-publication Tycho reductions......Page 43 1.8.2 Availability......Page 44 1.10.1 Error assessment: Internal......Page 46 1.10.2 Error assessment: External......Page 48 1.11 Catalogue combinations to reveal long-period binaries......Page 51 1.12 Reference frame studies: Optical, radio and infrared......Page 54 1.13.1 Data to complement the Hipparcos Catalogue......Page 56 1.13.2 Astrometric radial velocities......Page 59 1.15 Relativity and astrometry......Page 62 1.16 Astrometry beyond Hipparcos......Page 67 References......Page 69 2.1 Introduction......Page 78 2.2 Reference system for meridian circles......Page 80 2.3 Reference system for astrolabes......Page 83 2.4 Reference system for the Astrographic Catalogue and Carte du Ciel......Page 84 2.5 Reference system for Schmidt plates......Page 86 2.5.1 Guide Star Catalogue......Page 88 2.5.3 SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey......Page 89 2.6.3 Re-reduction of the NPM and SPM......Page 93 2.6.4 Other photographic surveys......Page 95 2.7.1 USNO catalogues: UCAC 1/2 and NOMAD......Page 96 2.7.3 Sloan Digital Sky Survey......Page 98 2.9 Atmospheric attenuation and refraction......Page 99 2.10.1 High proper motion surveys......Page 100 2.10.2 Other proper motions surveys......Page 102 2.11.1 Ground-based parallaxes......Page 103 2.12.1 Celestial cartography......Page 104 2.12.2 Handbooks and related compilations......Page 106 2.12.4 Education and outreach......Page 107 References......Page 108 3.2 Double and multiple stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue......Page 115 3.2.1 Observational effects of multiplicity......Page 117 3.2.2 Classification of solutions......Page 118 3.2.3 Accuracy verification......Page 120 3.3 Tycho Catalogue double stars......Page 121 3.4.1 Improved solutions......Page 123 3.4.2 Single stars showing evidence for binarity: The Deltamu binaries......Page 125 3.4.3 Statistical properties......Page 127 3.5.1 General properties......Page 135 3.5.2 Individual orbital systems......Page 144 3.6 Eclipsing binaries......Page 149 3.7 Contact binaries: W UMa, symbiotic, and RS CVn systems......Page 154 3.8.1 Astrometry......Page 157 3.8.4 Speckle interferometry......Page 158 3.8.5 Adaptive optics......Page 162 References......Page 163 4.1.1 Magnitudes and photometric systems......Page 177 4.1.3 Main mission photometric reductions......Page 178 4.1.5 Variability analysis......Page 180 4.1.6 Data products......Page 181 4.2 Photometric properties and validation......Page 182 4.3 Photometric calibration in the optical......Page 185 4.5 Photometric calibration in the ultraviolet......Page 189 4.6.1 Variability detection methods......Page 191 4.6.2 Tycho variables......Page 194 4.6.3 Contribution of amateur astronomers......Page 195 4.7 Variability over the HR diagram......Page 196 4.8.1 Cepheid variables......Page 197 4.9 Pulsators on or near the main sequence......Page 198 4.9.1 Delta Scuti variables......Page 199 4.9.2 Rapidly-oscillating Ap (roAp) stars......Page 205 4.9.3 Gamma Doradus variables......Page 208 4.9.4 Beta Cephei variables......Page 209 4.9.6 Slowly-pulsating B stars......Page 210 4.10 Red variables: Long-period, Mira, and semi-regular......Page 213 References......Page 221 5.1 Introduction......Page 231 5.2 Statistical biases......Page 232 5.2.2 Lutz-Kelker bias......Page 233 5.2.4 Astrometry-based luminosity, or reduced parallax......Page 235 5.4 Absolute magnitude versus spectral type......Page 236 5.5 Luminosity indicators using spectral lines......Page 243 5.5.1 Wilson-Bappu effect......Page 244 5.5.3 Interstellar lines......Page 246 5.6 Use of standard candles......Page 247 5.7.1 Classical Cepheids......Page 248 5.7.2 Red clump giants......Page 254 5.7.3 Mira and semi-regular variables......Page 260 5.8.1 Subdwarf main-sequence fitting......Page 263 5.8.2 RR Lyrae and horizontal branch stars......Page 270 5.8.3 Other Population II distance indicators......Page 275 5.9.2 Dynamics of the Magellanic Clouds......Page 277 5.10 Other galaxies......Page 279 5.11 Supernovae......Page 282 References......Page 283 6.1 Introduction......Page 297 6.2.1 General considerations......Page 298 6.2.2 Convergent-point method......Page 299 6.2.3 Other search methods......Page 300 6.3.2 Convergent-point analyses......Page 303 6.3.4 Chemical composition and theoretical models......Page 304 6.3.5 Secular parallaxes......Page 307 6.3.6 Further complications......Page 309 6.3.7 N-body analyses......Page 310 6.4.1 Introduction......Page 311 6.4.2 Hipparcos distance estimates......Page 312 6.4.3 Main-sequence fitting post-Hipparcos......Page 314 6.4.4 Other distance estimates......Page 316 6.4.5 Summary of the Pleiades distance......Page 319 6.5 Distances to other nearby clusters......Page 320 6.6 Other astrophysical applications......Page 321 6.7 Searches for new clusters and members......Page 322 6.8 Specific clusters......Page 324 6.9.1 Introduction......Page 326 6.9.2 Detection of kinematic groups......Page 328 6.9.3 Origin of kinematic groups......Page 334 6.10.1 Introduction......Page 335 6.10.2 Large-scale studies......Page 336 6.10.3 Individual associations......Page 342 6.10.4 Young nearby streams, associationsor moving groups......Page 343 6.10.5 The Gould Belt......Page 348 7.1 Introduction......Page 363 7.2 Observational framework and the HR diagram......Page 364 7.2.2 Effective temperatures......Page 365 7.2.3 Surface gravities......Page 366 7.3.1 Equation-of-state and opacities......Page 367 7.3.3 Transport processes......Page 369 7.3.4 Evolutionary tracks and isochrones......Page 370 7.4.2 Effective temperatures......Page 373 7.4.3 Surface gravities......Page 377 7.4.4 Stellar radii......Page 379 7.5.1 Nearby stars......Page 385 7.5.2 Zero-age main sequence......Page 389 7.5.3 Subdwarfs and other Population II stars......Page 390 7.5.4 Subgiants......Page 393 7.5.5 Giants......Page 394 7.5.6 Horizontal branch......Page 395 7.5.8 Mass loss......Page 397 7.5.9 Binary systems......Page 399 7.6.1 [Fe/H]......Page 401 7.6.2 -elements......Page 402 7.6.3 Helium......Page 403 7.6.4 Lithium......Page 404 7.6.5 Metal-poor stars......Page 407 7.6.6 Super metal-rich stars......Page 409 7.6.7 Chemical enrichment of the Galaxy......Page 410 7.7.1 Rotation......Page 413 7.7.2 Magnetic field......Page 416 7.8 Asteroseismology......Page 419 References......Page 422 8.1.2 T Tauri stars......Page 437 8.1.3 Herbig Ae/Be stars......Page 443 8.2.1 Be stars......Page 445 8.2.3 Chemically peculiar (Ap/Bp/Am stars)......Page 450 8.2.4 Flare stars......Page 451 8.2.5 Lambda Bootis stars......Page 452 8.3 X-ray sources......Page 454 8.4.1 Wolf-Rayet stars......Page 462 8.4.2 Runaway stars......Page 464 8.4.3 Carbon stars......Page 473 8.4.5 Technetium stars......Page 476 8.4.7 Planetary nebulae......Page 477 8.4.8 White dwarfs......Page 479 8.5.1 Local bubble......Page 488 8.5.2 Extinction and reddening......Page 493 8.5.3 Polarisation......Page 498 References......Page 499 9.1 Overall structure of the Galaxy......Page 514 9.3 Concepts and definitions......Page 515 9.2.1 Distance to the Galactic centre......Page 519 9.2.2 Distance from the Galactic plane......Page 520 9.2.4 Solar motion with respect to the local standard of rest......Page 521 9.2.5 Rotation speed of the disk......Page 523 9.2.6 Stellar kinematics in the Oort-Lindblad model......Page 525 9.2.7 Stellar kinematics in the Ogorodnikov-Milne model......Page 527 9.2.8 Stellar kinematics and vector harmonics......Page 532 9.3 Census of nearby stars......Page 533 9.4.1 Mass density in the solar neighbourhood......Page 534 9.4.2 Escape velocity......Page 538 9.4.3 Initial mass function......Page 539 9.4.4 Star-formation rate......Page 541 9.5 Properties of the disk......Page 543 9.6 Properties of the bar......Page 551 9.7 Properties of the spiral arms......Page 554 9.8 Properties of the stellar warp......Page 559 9.9.1 Mass and extent......Page 562 9.9.2 Rotation, shape and velocity dispersion......Page 563 9.9.3 Formation......Page 564 9.9.4 Halo substructure......Page 566 9.10 Models of the various Galaxy components......Page 568 9.11.1 Introduction......Page 569 9.11.2 Ages......Page 571 9.11.4 Consequences of globular cluster ages......Page 572 9.11.5 Kinematics and dynamics......Page 574 9.11.6 Cluster disruption......Page 577 9.11.7 Tidal streams and the mass of the Galaxy......Page 578 References......Page 579 10.1 Hipparcos Solar System objects......Page 590 10.2.1 Mass determination......Page 592 10.2.2 Orbits and photometry......Page 594 10.3 Planets, satellites, occultations and appulses......Page 595 10.4.1 Constraining precession......Page 599 10.4.2 Earth rotation and polar motion......Page 602 10.5 Passage of nearby stars......Page 607 10.6.2 Sun's orbit and the spiral arms......Page 610 10.6.3 Sun's orbit and Galactic plane passages......Page 613 10.7.1 Introduction......Page 614 10.7.2 Astrometric detection......Page 615 10.7.3 Photometric transits......Page 622 10.7.4 Host star properties......Page 625 10.7.5 Proto-planetary disks......Page 628 10.7.6 Habitability and related issues......Page 630 10.7.7 Solar twins and solar analogues......Page 631 10.7.8 Search for extraterrestrial intelligence......Page 633 References......Page 634 Numerical quantities......Page 643 References......Page 646 Appendix B Acronyms......Page 647 Appendix C Author gallery......Page 652 Index of first authors......Page 663 Subject index......Page 682 The Hipparcos satellite, developed and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1989, was the first space mission dedicated to astrometry - the accurate measurement of positions, distances, and proper motions of stars. Amongst the key achievements of its measurements are refining the cosmic distance scale, characterizing the large-scale kinematic motions in the Solar neighborhood, providing precise luminosities for stellar modelling, and confirming Einsteins prediction of the effect of gravity on starlight. This authoritative account of the Hipparcos contributions over the last decade is an outstanding reference for astronomers, astrophysicists and cosmologists. It reviews the applications of the data in different areas, describing the subject and the state of the art before Hipparcos, and summarizing all major contributions to the topic made by Hipparcos. It contains a detailed overview of the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, their annexes and their updates. Each chapter ends with comprehensive references to relevant literature. Hipparcos satellite, developed and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1989, was the first space mission dedicated to astrometry - the accurate measurement of positions, distances, and proper motions of stars. Amongst the key achievements of its measurements are refining the cosmic distance scale, characterising the large-scale kinematic motions in the Solar neighbourhood, providing precise luminosities for stellar modelling, and confirming Einstein's prediction of the effect of gravity on starlight. This authoritative account of the Hipparcos contributions over the last decade is an outstanding reference for astronomers, astrophysicists and cosmologists. It reviews the applications of the data in different areas, describing the subject and the state-of-the-art before Hipparcos, and summarising all major contributions to the topic made by Hipparcos. It contains a detailed overview of the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, their annexes and their updates. Each chapter ends with comprehensive references to relevant literature