Associations among pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and environmental and land use factors in multiple mixed-use watersheds

Over a five year period (2004-08), 1171 surface water samples were collected from up to 24 sampling locations representing a wide range of stream orders, in a river basin in eastern Ontario, Canada. Water was analyzed for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cyst densities, the presence of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The study objective was to explore associations among pathogen densities/occurrence and objectively defined land use, weather, hydrologic, and water quality variables using CART (Classification and Regression Tree) and binary logistical regression techniques. E. coli O157:H7 detections were infrequent, but detections were related to upstream livestock pasture density; 20% of the detections were located where cattle have access to the watercourses. The ratio of detections:non-detections for Campylobacter spp. was relatively higher (>1) when mean air temperatures were 6% below mean study period temperature values (relatively cooler periods). Cooler water temperatures, which can promote bacteria survival and represent times when land applications of manure typically occur (spring and fall), may have promoted increased frequency of Campylobacter spp. Fifty-nine percent of all Salmonella spp. detections occurred when river discharge on a branch of the river system of Shreve stream order = 9550 was >83 percentile. Hydrological events that promote off farm/off field/in stream transport must manifest themselves in order for detection of Salmonella spp. to occur in surface water in this region. Fifty seven percent of L. monocytogenes detections occurred in spring, relative to other seasons. It was speculated that a combination of winter livestock housing, silage feeding during winter, and spring application of manure that accrued during winter, contributed to elevated occurrences of this pathogen in spring. Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocyst and cyst densities were, overall, positively associated with surface water discharge, and negatively associated with air/water temperature during spring-summer-fall. Yet, some of the highest Cryptosporidium oocyst densities were associated with low discharge conditions on smaller order streams, suggesting wildlife as a contributing fecal source. Fifty six percent of all detections of ≥ 2 bacteria pathogens (including Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli O157:H7) in water was associated with lower water temperatures ( ∼ 27 mm (62 percentile). During higher water temperatures (>∼ 14 °C), a higher amount of weekly rainfall was necessary to promote detection of ≥ 2 pathogens (primarily summer; weekly rainfall ∼>42 mm (>77 percentile); 15% of all ≥ 2 detections). Less rainfall may have been necessary to mobilize pathogens from adjacent land, and/or in stream sediments, during cooler water conditions; as these are times when manures are applied to fields in the area, and soil water contents and water table depths are relatively higher. Season, stream order, turbidity, mean daily temperature, surface water discharge, cropland coverage, and nearest upstream distance to a barn and pasture were variables that were relatively strong and recurrent with regard to discriminating pathogen presence and absence, and parasite densities in surface water in the region. IFC_IFC_Editorial-BoardPublication-Information_WATRES......Page 1 Associations among pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and environmental and land use factors in multiple mixed-use watersheds......Page 2 1 Introduction......Page 3 2.3 Water analyses......Page 4 2.6 Statistical analyses......Page 6 3.1 Hydrology and weather conditions......Page 9 3.3 Variables associated with pathogen presence and absence in surface water......Page 11 3.4 Variables associated with parasite densities in surface water......Page 13 3.6 Using select independent variables to predict pathogen density and presence-absence in surface water......Page 14 4 Discussion......Page 15 5 Summary and conclusion......Page 16 Acknowledgments......Page 17 References......Page 18 1 Introduction......Page 21 Sonolytic degradation of dimethoate: Kinetics, mechanisms and toxic intermediates controlling......Page 81 2 Material and methods......Page 22 2.3 Functional unit......Page 23 2.6 Density of host cells in the biofilm......Page 24 3.1 Properties of Cu-bearing nHAP and collector surface......Page 25 4.3 Critical density of Legionella in the biofilm......Page 26 3.1 Size distributions......Page 377 5 Discussion......Page 27 Acknowledgments......Page 30 References......Page 138 1 Introduction......Page 32 1 Introduction......Page 68 2.1 Chemicals and consumables......Page 329 2.2 DNA extraction and nested PCR–DGGE......Page 101 1.2 Flocculation, floc size and structure......Page 33 4.2 Solids concentrations in the system......Page 34 2.6 RT-PCR conditions......Page 35 3.1 Optimized RT-PCR condition and their sensitivity for huNoV detection......Page 36 3 Results and discussion......Page 299 3.2 Residence time distribution......Page 37 4 Discussion......Page 39 Appendix Supplementary material......Page 41 5849_5857_Ozone-treatment-ameliorates-oil-sands-process-water-toxicity-to-the-mammalian-immune-system_WATRES......Page 44 Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments – Kinetics and photodegradation products......Page 230 2 Materials and method......Page 221 2.1 Chemicals and reagent preparation......Page 165 2.1 Water quality methods......Page 262 2.3 Filter operation......Page 374 3.3 Determination of environmentally relevant parameters......Page 46 3.1 Occurrence in the rivers Elbe and Weser......Page 385 3.3 Structural evolution......Page 251 3.2.2 Computational study of hydrodynamics......Page 320 3 Results and discussion......Page 47 3.5 Ozone treatment abolished the ability of OSPW to alter cytokine gene expression in vivo......Page 48 4 Summary and conclusions......Page 49 References......Page 51 Acknowledgments......Page 448 5858_5872_Effects-of-soluble-and-particulate-substrate-on-the-carbon-and-energy-footprint-of-wastewater-treatment-processes_WATRES......Page 53 Dynamic and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria communities during sludge granulation in an anaerobic–aerobic sequen .........Page 416 1 Introduction......Page 111 2.1 Plant data selection......Page 55 3.3 Laboratory and field methods......Page 487 2.3 Analysis and sampling of inorganic ions and precipitates......Page 56 2.3.2 Mass flow modelling for secondary treatment......Page 57 2.3.3 Mass flow modelling for sludge digestion......Page 58 2.3.5 Carbon footprint calculation......Page 60 2.4 Model domain......Page 61 3 Results and discussion......Page 62 4 Discussion......Page 135 References......Page 66 2 Materials and methods......Page 69 2 Experimental section......Page 184 2.4 Instrumental analysis......Page 469 2.3 DBP formation potential......Page 341 2.7 Sorption of Ag-NPs to wastewater biofilms......Page 250 2.5 RT-qPCR and qPCR......Page 70 3.1 Water balance and water transfers management......Page 71 3.2.1 Nutrients, metals and chlorophyll a......Page 72 3.2.3 Diatoms and dinoflagellates......Page 73 3.2.5 Seasonal succession......Page 74 3.3.1 Effect of magnitude......Page 75 3.3.2 Effect of timing......Page 76 4.1 Water transfers act as a disturbance for phytoplankton succession......Page 77 4.3 Multi-objective management of water quality......Page 78 5 Conclusion......Page 79 Acknowledgments......Page 109 Acknowledgments......Page 348 1 Introduction......Page 148 2 Literature review......Page 486 2.3 Distribution of nitrifying bacteria......Page 82 3 Methods......Page 223 3.1 Effect of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic intensity and ultrasonic mode on dimethoate degradation......Page 83 3.3 Effect of metal concentration on extractant dissolution......Page 85 3.5 Toxic intermediate product controlling......Page 87 4 Conclusion......Page 108 Acknowledgments......Page 88 References......Page 314 5895_5904_SAFL-Baffle-retrofit-for-suspended-sediment-removal-in-storm-sewer-sumps_WATRES......Page 90 A coupled model tree (MT) genetic algorithm (GA) scheme for biofouling assessment in pipelines......Page 296 1 Introduction......Page 182 2.2 NOM fractionation methods......Page 91 2.2 Culture-based analysis......Page 193 3 Results and discussion......Page 93 4 Discussion......Page 94 3.5 Occurrence in the North Sea......Page 472 4.2 Increase of removal efficiency by the SAFL Baffle......Page 95 4.3 Reduction in washout by the SAFL Baffle......Page 96 4.4 Maintenance......Page 97 5 Summary and conclusions......Page 98 References......Page 99 5905_5915_Facilitated-transport-of-Cu-with-hydroxyapatite-nanoparticles-in-saturated-sand-Effects-of-solution-ionic-strength-and-composition_WATRES......Page 100 1 Introduction......Page 248 3.1 New SEC system......Page 102 2.5 GC–MS/MS analysis......Page 419 3 Results......Page 399 3.3 Leaching by additions of HCl, lactic acid and acetic acid......Page 104 3.3 Effects of IS and IC on nHAP-F Cu transport......Page 105 3.4 Mechanisms influencing nHAP retention and nHAP-F Cu transport......Page 107 Sulfate radical-advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) for simultaneous removal of refractory organic contaminants and ammonia .........Page 398 2.2 Modeling......Page 113 2.1 Experimental setup......Page 240 2.3 Analysis – measurements......Page 114 2.4 TiO2 surface coating......Page 144 3 Results and discussion......Page 276 3 Results......Page 115 2.5 ζ Potential......Page 308 3.2 Mass fluxes of benzotriazoles in the Elbe......Page 116 3.5 Mass balance......Page 117 3.6 General evaluation......Page 118 Acknowledgements......Page 119 References......Page 147 1 Introduction......Page 120 2 Materials and methods......Page 155 2.2 Laboratory-scale MBR system......Page 121 3 Results and discussion......Page 123 3.3 Effects of curing on sludge conditioning......Page 168 3.3 RO membrane performance......Page 124 3.5 Photosynthetic efficiency......Page 125 4 Conclusions......Page 269 5 Conclusions......Page 127 Appendix Supplementary data......Page 326 References......Page 152 Occurrence, distribution and fluxes of benzotriazoles along the German large river basins into the North Sea......Page 129 2 Materials and methods......Page 297 2.2 Virus controls......Page 130 3.3 Influence of pH on floc strength......Page 131 3 Results and discussion......Page 132 3.2 pH effect on N2O production......Page 133 3.3 FA and FNA effects on N2O production......Page 134 4.2 Effect of pH on N2O production under aerobic conditions......Page 136 4.3 A mitigation strategy......Page 137 Advancing post-anoxic denitrification for biological nutrient removal......Page 140 2 Materials and methods......Page 141 2.4.1 Chemical analyses......Page 330 4 Discussion......Page 482 4.1 Reaction kinetics......Page 143 4.2.2 Anammox reactor......Page 145 5 Conclusions......Page 146 2.2 Experimental methods......Page 149 3.2 Robbins device......Page 150 3.2 Implication on metal removal......Page 151 Acknowledgement......Page 280 1 Introduction......Page 154 Enantiospecific fate of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor......Page 458 2.4.1 Extraction of genomic DNA......Page 156 2.2.4 Sampling scenarios......Page 363 3.2 Virus detection and quantitation by PCR......Page 157 3.2.1 Acetate effects......Page 158 3.2.3 Variations of pH and ORP of the digestion system......Page 159 3.4 Early-stage bioaugmentation......Page 160 4 Conclusions......Page 161 References......Page 162 Conditioning of wastewater sludge using freezing and thawing: Role of curing......Page 164 1 Introduction......Page 382 2.4 Virus culture assays......Page 194 2.5 BAC filter – control experiments......Page 167 4.1 Relationship between granule formation and reactor performance......Page 421 1 Introduction......Page 172 1 Introduction......Page 350 2.1 Preparation of leaf litter-derived HS and size fractionation by ultrafiltration (UF)......Page 173 4.1 Effluent quality and sludge settling properties......Page 234 2.6 Ag-NP toxicity experiments......Page 174 3.3 Changes in operational descriptors of LLHS due to simulated solar irradiation......Page 196 3.3 Occurrence of benzotriazoles in the tributary rivers of the North Sea......Page 471 3.3 Modeling results......Page 303 3.5 A comparison of L. buchneri and L. plantarum fermentation treatment on sludge leaching......Page 176 4 Conclusion......Page 179 Acknowledgment......Page 180 Optimization of intermittent, simultaneous dosage of nitrite and hydrochloric acid to control sulfide and methane productio .........Page 260 2.2 Reactor setup and degradation experiments of HA......Page 185 3.2 Off-gas test results......Page 187 References......Page 190 Environmental and economic profile of six typologies of wastewater treatment plants......Page 192 1 Introduction......Page 239 4.1 Pressure head amplitudes due to near-bed coherent motions......Page 289 2.6 Experimental procedure......Page 407 3.2.1 Eutrophication potential calculated for FU1......Page 199 3.3.1 Eutrophication potential calculated for FU2......Page 200 3.4.1 Economic profile according to the volume-related functional unit (FU1)......Page 201 4 Conclusions......Page 202 References......Page 203 Influence of wastewater treatment process and the population size on human virus profiles in wastewater......Page 206 1 Introduction......Page 476 1.2 Economical sustainability and WWTP......Page 207 2.4 Anaerobic biodegradability tests......Page 222 3.2 Daily variability in organic matter fluorescence within the plant and distribution net......Page 243 3.2 Effects of FNA concentration......Page 210 3.2.1 Eutrophication potential calculated for FU1......Page 213 3.3.1 Eutrophication potential calculated for FU2......Page 214 3.4.1 Economic profile according to the volume-related functional unit (FU1)......Page 215 3.4.2 Economic profile according to the eutrophication-related functional unit (FU2)......Page 216 Appendix Supplementary material......Page 217 1 Introduction......Page 220 2.7 BAC filter – late-stage bioaugmentation and other experiments......Page 226 4 Conclusion......Page 456 References......Page 228 2.1 System operation......Page 231 2.2 FNA dosing schemes......Page 352 3 Results and discussion......Page 233 4.4 Batch digestion test......Page 236 3 Results and discussion......Page 241 3.2 Effects of MES, TMA and other amines on chlorination......Page 244 3.4 Defining wavelength regions for online detection......Page 245 5 Results......Page 492 Acknowledgments......Page 246 3.2 Effects of persulfate dose and temperture......Page 400 3 Results and discussion......Page 264 4.3 Importance of design factors and design and operation interactions......Page 445 4.1 Mechanisms of biofilm tolerance......Page 255 References......Page 414 4.1.1 Physical protections......Page 256 5 Conclusions......Page 257 Acknowledgments......Page 304 References......Page 258 1 Introduction......Page 283 2.4 Analytical methods......Page 428 2.6 BAC filter – early-stage bioaugmentation experiments......Page 263 3.3 Effects of exposure time......Page 376 3.2 Phylogeny of bromate-reducing bacteria......Page 265 3.3 Control filter experiments......Page 267 3.5 Late-stage bioaugmentation......Page 268 Acknowledgments......Page 270 6063_6073_Bacterial-community-characteristics-under-long-term-antibiotic-selection-pressures_WATRES......Page 272 Xenobiotic removal efficiencies in wastewater treatment plants: Residence time distributions as a guiding principle for sam .........Page 361 2.2 Factorial experimental design......Page 438 2.6 Data analysis......Page 479 3.2 16S rRNA clone libraries and statistical analysis......Page 277 2.2 Model of near-bed turbulence above the sediment bed......Page 285 3.1 Culturable viruses......Page 375 2.5 Model of mass (solute) transport in the sediment bed......Page 287 2.4 Influent water......Page 392 4.2 Effective hydraulic conductivity in the sediment bed......Page 290 Appendix Supplementary material......Page 291 6 Comparison of model results with experimental data......Page 292 7 Summary and conclusions......Page 293 Acknowledgments......Page 294 2.3 Analysis of organic contaminants......Page 298 3.4 Evaluation of amine-enhanced reaction kinetics......Page 301 1 Introduction......Page 306 2.2.2 Sample preparation and sampling......Page 307 References......Page 424 3.4 Identification of photodegradation products by mass spectrometry......Page 312 A photosynthetic rotating annular bioreactor (Taylor–Couette type flow) for phototrophic biofilm cultures......Page 316 2.1.2 RAB hydrodynamic behaviour......Page 317 2.1.2.1 Residence time distribution......Page 318 2.2.2 Experimental conditions......Page 319 3.1.2 Nitrogen removal......Page 333 3.3.1 Biomass descriptors......Page 321 3.3.2 Algal diversity......Page 322 4.1 Growth dynamics of phototrophic biofilms......Page 323 4.2.3 Towards a promising tool......Page 325 1 Introduction......Page 328 2.4.2 Microbial population analyses......Page 331 3.1 Effects of aeration rate on process performance......Page 332 3.2.3 FT-IR analysis......Page 343 3.2.2 Post-anoxic denitrification using slowly biodegradable carbon......Page 334 3.2.3 Effects of influent ammonia on post-anoxic BNR......Page 335 3.4 Secondary P release considerations......Page 336 3.5 Potential organisms involved in post-anoxic denitrification......Page 337 4 Conclusions......Page 338 1 Introduction......Page 340 2.1 WWTP and samples......Page 477 3.2.1 Variation of DBP precursors fractionation......Page 342 3.2.4 CPMAS 13C NMR analysis......Page 345 5.1 Base run (BR)......Page 346 4 Conclusions......Page 347 2.1 Sample collections and preparation......Page 450 3.1 Removal of micropollutants......Page 355 3.3 Molecular size distribution and properties of DOM in Lake Kasumigaura and sediment pore water......Page 455 Appendix Supplementary data......Page 359 2.2.1 Plant layout & calibration......Page 362 3.1 Model calibration......Page 364 3.6 Study of dilution and persistency......Page 365 3.4.1 Biodegradation scenarios......Page 367 3.4.2 Uncertainty analysis......Page 368 4 Conclusions......Page 369 Appendix B Estimating the total elimination efficiency......Page 370 6163_6172_Optimization-of-intermittent,-simultaneous-dosage-of-nitrite-and-hydrochloric-acid-to-control-sulfide-and-methane-productions-in-sewers_WATRES......Page 372 2.1 Anaerobic sewer biofilm reactors......Page 373 3.2 Standards and calibration curves......Page 454 4 Conclusions......Page 474 4.2 Economic analysis and comparison with other strategies......Page 378 Acknowledgments......Page 379 Appendix A Supplementary information......Page 380 References......Page 466 2 Materials & methods......Page 383 2.3 DBP formation potential methods......Page 384 References......Page 388 1 Introduction......Page 390 2.3 Jar test......Page 391 3.2 Influence of dosage and pH on floc size and structure......Page 393 3.4 Influence of pH on floc re-growth capability......Page 396 References......Page 397 Acknowledgments......Page 402 1 Introduction......Page 404 1.1 EF technology and coagulants......Page 405 2.1 Colloidal suspension......Page 406 3.2 Floc growth stages......Page 409 2.1 Biofilms......Page 417 3.7 The proposed hybrid MT–GA methodology......Page 488 Altering the characteristics of a leaf litter-derived humic substance by adsorptive fractionation versus simulated solar ir .........Page 426 2 Experimental section......Page 427 3.1 Comparison of operational descriptors for different LLHS UF fractions......Page 429 4 Conclusions......Page 433 References......Page 434 Bacterial, viral and turbidity removal by intermittent slow sand filtration for household use in developing countries: Expe .........Page 436 2.6 Analysis and modeling......Page 440 3.2 Overall performance......Page 441 3.3.1 Significant factors and covariates affecting filter performance......Page 442 3.3.3 Viral removal......Page 443 3.3.4 Turbidity performance......Page 444 4.6 Other sources of variability in ISSF performance......Page 446 5 Conclusions......Page 447 Fast and precise method for HPLC–size exclusion chromatography with UV and TOC (NDIR) detection: Importance of multiple det .........Page 449 2.2 Analytical setup......Page 451 2.3 Standards......Page 452 2.4 Sample extraction and chiral derivatisation......Page 460 Acknowledgement......Page 465 6259_6266_Occurrence,-distribution-and-fluxes-of-benzotriazoles-along-the-German-large-river-basins-into-the-North-Sea_WATRES......Page 468 2.5 Quality control......Page 470 2.3 Sample processing......Page 478 3.3 Virus profiles......Page 481 Acknowledgements......Page 484 3.8 Base run (BR)......Page 490 3.9 Sensitivity analyses......Page 491 5.4 Sensitivity analysis 3 – input category restriction......Page 493 5.5 Sensitivity analysis 4 – verification......Page 494 6 Discussion......Page 495 7 Conclusions......Page 496