ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals SI edn 2017

Contributors Preface Technical Committees, Task Groups, Technical Resource Groups, and Multidisciplinary Task Groups PRINCIPLES F01. Psychrometrics F02. Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles F03. Fluid Flow F04. Heat Transfer F05. Two-Phase Flow F06. Mass Transfer F07. Fundamentals of Control F08. Sound and Vibration INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY F09. Thermal Comfort F10. Indoor Environmental Health F11. Air Contaminants F12. Odors F13. Indoor Environmental Modeling LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONS F14. Climate Design Information F15. Fenestration F16. Ventilation and Infiltration F17. Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations F18. Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations F19. Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods HVAC DESIGN F20. Space Air Diffusion F21. Duct Design F22. Pipe Sizing F23. Insulation for Mechanical Systems F24. Airflow Around Buildings BUILDING ENVELOPE Comment Help Main Menu GENERAL Commercial Resources ASHRAE Bookstore F25. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Fundamentals F26. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Material Properties F27. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Examples MATERIALS F28. Combustion and Fuels F29. Refrigerants F30. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants F31. Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants F32. Sorbents and Desiccants F33. Physical Properties of Materials F34. Energy Resources F35. Sustainability F36. Moisture Management in Buildings F37. Measurement and Instruments F38. Abbreviations and Symbols F39. Units and Conversions F40. Codes and Standards Additions and Corrections to the 2014, 2015, and 2016 volumes Index 00......Page 2 --- CONTRIBUTORS ---......Page 4 --- Preface ---......Page 6 Table 1 Standard Atmospheric Data for Altitudes to 10 000 m......Page 7 Table 2 Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 101.325 kPa......Page 8 Table 3 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation......Page 11 Fig. 13 Thermal Conductivity of Moist Air......Page 22 Fig. 1 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1......Page 17 Fig. 3 Schematic Solution for Example 2......Page 18 Fig. 6 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams......Page 19 Fig. 9 Schematic Solution for Example 5......Page 20 Fig. 11 Schematic Solution for Example 6......Page 21 Fig. 1 Energy Flows in General Thermodynamic System......Page 24 Fig. 9 Schematic p-h Diagram for Example 2......Page 31 Fig. 14 Schematic of Real, Direct-Expansion, Single-Stage Mechanical Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System......Page 34 Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram of Actual System and Theoretical Single-Stage System Operating Between Same Inlet Air Temperatures tR and t0......Page 35 Fig. 16 Thermal Cycles......Page 36 Table 5 Refrigerant/Absorbent Pairs......Page 39 Table 8 Simulation Results for Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Chiller......Page 41 Fig. 21 Double-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Cycle with State Points......Page 42 Fig. 22 Single-Effect Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycle......Page 43 Fig. 4 Azeotropic Behavior Shown on T-x Diagram......Page 29 Fig. 7 Carnot Vapor Compression Cycle......Page 30 Fig. 11 Processes of Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle......Page 32 Fig. 12 Areas on T-s Diagram Representing Refrigerating Effect and Work Supplied for Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Mixture as Refrigerant......Page 33 Fig. 17 Single-Effect Absorption Cycle......Page 37 Fig. 20 Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Cycle Dühring Plot......Page 40 Fig. 1 Velocity Profiles and Gradients in Shear Flows......Page 46 Fig. 11 Effect of Viscosity Variation on Velocity Profile of Laminar Flow in Pipe......Page 50 Table 3 Fitting Loss Coefficients of Turbulent Flow......Page 53 Fig. 3 Velocity Fluctuation at Point in Turbulent Flow......Page 48 Fig. 8 Geometric Separation, Flow Development, and Loss in Flow Through Orifice......Page 49 Fig. 12 Blower and Duct System for Example 1......Page 51 Fig. 13 Relation Between Friction Factor and Reynolds Number......Page 52 Fig. 14 Diagram for Example 2......Page 54 Fig. 18 Differential Pressure Flowmeters......Page 55 Fig. 19 Flowmeter Coefficients......Page 56 Fig. 20 Temporal Increase in Velocity Following Sudden Application of Pressure......Page 57 Fig. 21 Cavitation in Flows in Orifice or Valve......Page 58 Fig. 1 (A) Conduction and (B) Convection......Page 61 Fig. 3 Thermal Circuit......Page 63 Table 3 Multidimensional Conduction Shape Factors......Page 65 Table 4 Values of C1 and U1 in Equations (14) to (17)......Page 69 Table 5 Emissivities and Absorptivities of Some Surfaces......Page 73 Fig. 17 Diagrams for Example 9......Page 76 Table 8 Forced-Convection Correlations......Page 78 Table 9 Natural Convection Correlations......Page 80 Fig. 24 Cross Section of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger in Example 13......Page 83 Table 11 Single-Phase Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations for Plate Exchangers......Page 85 Table 12 Equations for Augmented Forced Convection (Single Phase)......Page 88 Fig. 31 Microchannel Dimensions......Page 89 Table 17 Selected Studies on Rotation......Page 90 Fig. 33 Heat Transfer Coefficients (With and Without EHD) as Functions of Reynolds Number......Page 91 Fig. 2 Interface Resistance Across Two Layers......Page 62 Fig. 5 Efficiency of Annular Fins of Constant Thickness......Page 64 Fig. 8 Efficiency of Four Types of Spines......Page 66 Fig. 10 Hexagonal Tube Array......Page 67 Fig. 12 Transient Temperatures for Infinite Cylinder, m = 1/Bi......Page 70 Fig. 14 Solid Cylinder Exposed to Fluid......Page 71 Fig. 16 Diagram for Example 8......Page 74 Fig. 19 Boundary Layer Build-up in Entrance Region of Tube or Channel......Page 77 Fig. 21 Heat Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent Flow of Water Inside Tubes......Page 79 Fig. 23 Diagram for Example 12......Page 81 Fig. 25 Plate Parameters......Page 84 Fig. 27 Typical Tube-Side Enhancements......Page 86 Fig. 29 Enhanced Surfaces for Gases......Page 87 Fig. 1 Characteristic Pool Boiling Curve......Page 97 Table 1 Equations for Natural Convection Boiling Heat Transfer......Page 99 Fig. 4 Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficients for Flooded Evaporator......Page 101 Table 3 Equations for Forced Convection Boiling in Tubes......Page 103 Table 4 Heat Transfer Coefficient/Nusselt Number Correlations for Film-Type Condensation......Page 108 Table 5 Constants in Equation (29d) for Different Void Fraction Correlations......Page 111 Fig. 10 Pressure Drop Characteristics of Two-Phase Flow: Variation of Two-Phase Multiplier with Lockhart-Martinelli Parameter......Page 114 Fig. 3 Correlation of Pool Boiling Data in Terms of Reduced Pressure......Page 98 Fig. 5 Flow Regimes in Typical Smooth Horizontal Tube Evaporator......Page 102 Fig. 7 Film Boiling Correlation ......Page 105 Fig. 8 Origin of Noncondensable Resistance......Page 110 Fig. 9 Qualitative Pressure Drop Characteristics of Two-Phase Flow Regime......Page 113 Fig. 11 Schematic Flow Representation of a Typical Force- Fed Microchannel Heat Sink (FFMHS)......Page 115 Fig. 12 Thermal Performance Comparison of Different High-Heat-Flux Cooling Technologies......Page 116 Fig. 13 Scanning Electron Microscope Images of Various Nanostructures: (A) Silicon Nanopillars (Enright et al. 2012), (B) High-Aspect-Ratio Silicon Nanopillars (Enright et al. 2012), (C) Silicon Micropost-Pyramids with Silicon Nanograss on Surface (Chen et al. 2011), (D) CuO Nanoblades (Miljkovic et al. 2013), (E) Tobacco Mosaic Virus Template Nanostructure (McCarthy et al. 2012), (F) Zinc Oxide Nanowires (Miljkovic et al. 2013), (G) Boehmitized Aluminum (Kim et al. 2013) and (H) Carbon Nanotubes (Enright et al. 2014)......Page 117 --- CHAPTER 6: MASS TRANSFER ---......Page 123 Table 1 Mass Diffusivities for Gases in Air*......Page 124 Fig. 4 Composite Wall for Example 4......Page 127 Fig. 1 Diffusion of Water Vapor Through Stagnant Air......Page 125 Fig. 3 Equimolar Counterdiffusion......Page 126 Fig. 6 Nomenclature for Convective Mass Transfer from Internal Surface Impermeable to Gas A......Page 128 Fig. 7 Water-Saturated Flat Plate in Flowing Airstream......Page 129 Fig. 11 Mass Transfer from Single Spheres......Page 130 Fig. 12 Sensible Heat Transfer j-Factors for Parallel Plate Exchanger......Page 131 Fig. 14 Air Washer Humidification Process on Psychrometric Chart......Page 133 Fig. 15 Graphical Solution for Air-State Path in Parallel-Flow Air Washer......Page 134 Fig. 17 Graphical Solution for Air-State Path in Dehumidifying Coil with Constant Refrigerant Temperature......Page 135 Fig. 1 Example of Feedback Control: Discharge Air Temperature Control......Page 138 Table 2 Some Standard Communication Protocols Applicable to BAS......Page 155 Table 1 Comparison of Fiber Optic Technology......Page 154 Fig. 4 Two-Position Control......Page 139 Fig. 6 Proportional plus Integral (PI) Control......Page 140 Fig. 7 Floating Control Showing Variations in Controlled Variable as Load Changes......Page 141 Fig. 10 Typical Flow Characteristics of Valves......Page 142 Fig. 12 Typical Multiblade Dampers......Page 143 Fig. 14 Inherent Curves for Partially Ducted and Louvered Dampers (RP-1157)......Page 144 Fig. 15 Inherent Curves for Ducted and Plenum-Mounted Dampers (RP-1157)......Page 145 Fig. 16 Dead-Band Thermostat......Page 149 Fig. 18 Retrofit of Existing Pneumatic Control with Electronic Sensors and Controllers......Page 150 Fig. 19 OSI Reference Model......Page 152 Fig. 20 Hierarchical Network for Three-Tier System Architecture......Page 153 Fig. 23 Response of Discharge Air Temperature to Step Change in Set Points at Various Integral Constants with Fixed Proportional Constant......Page 157 Table 1 Typical Sound Pressures and Sound Pressure Levels......Page 160 Table 2 Examples of Sound Power Outputs and Sound Power Levels......Page 161 Table 3 Combining Two Sound Levels......Page 162 Fig. 1 Curves Showing A- and C-Weighting Responses for Sound Level Meters......Page 164 Table 7 Guidelines for Determining Equipment Sound Levels in the Presence of Contaminating Background Sound......Page 165 Fig. 6 Frequencies at Which Various Types of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Generally Control Sound Spectra......Page 174 Fig. 3 Contour for Determining Partition’s STC......Page 171 Fig. 4 Free-Field Equal Loudness Contours for Pure Tones ......Page 173 Fig. 7 NC (Noise Criteria) Curves and Sample Spectrum (Curve with Symbols)......Page 175 Fig. 9 Vibration Transmissibility T as Function of fd / fn......Page 176 Fig. 11 Two-Degrees-of-Freedom System......Page 177 Fig. 13 Transmissibility T as Function of fd/fn1 with k2/k1 = 10 and M2/M1 = 40......Page 178 --- CHAPTER 9: THERMAL COMFORT ---......Page 181 Table 3 Skin Heat Loss Equations......Page 185 Fig. 2 Constant Skin Heat Loss Line and Its Relationship to toh and ET*......Page 186 Table 5 Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption at Different Activity Levels......Page 187 Table 7 Typical Insulation and Permeability Values for Western Clothing Ensembles......Page 188 Table 9 Garment Insulation Values......Page 189 Fig. 5 ASHRAE Summer and Winter Comfort Zones......Page 192 Fig. 8 Relative Performance of Office Work Performance versus Deviation from Optimal Comfort Temperature Tc......Page 194 Fig. 19 Effective Temperature ET* and Skin Wettedness w......Page 202 Fig. 22 Comparing Thermal Inertia of Fat, Bone, Moist Muscle, and Excised Skin to That of Leather and Water......Page 204 Fig. 1 Thermal Interaction of Human Body and Environment......Page 182 Fig. 3 Mean Value of Angle Factor Between Seated Person and Horizontal or Vertical Rectangle when Person Is Rotated Around Vertical Axis......Page 191 Fig. 7 Predicted Rate of Unsolicited Thermal Operating Complaints......Page 193 Fig. 10 Percentage of People Dissatisfied as Function of Mean Air Velocity......Page 195 Fig. 12 Percentage of Seated People Dissatisfied as Function of Air Temperature Difference Between Head and Ankles......Page 196 Fig. 13 Percentage of People Dissatisfied as Function of Floor Temperature......Page 197 Fig. 15 Air Temperatures and Mean Radiant Temperatures Necessary for Comfort (PMV = 0) of Sedentary Persons in Summer Clothing at 50% rh......Page 198 Fig. 16 Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) as Function of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)......Page 199 Fig. 18 Effect of Thermal Environment on Discomfort......Page 201 Fig. 20 Recommended Heat Stress Exposure Limits for Heat Acclimatized Workers......Page 203 Fig. 23 Thermal Inertias of Excised, Bloodless, and Normal Living Skin......Page 205 Fig. 24 Recommended Temperature Set Points for HVAC with PEC Systems and Energy Savings from Extending HVAC Temperature Set Points......Page 206 Fig. 25 Schematic Design of Heat Stress and Heat Disorders......Page 207 Fig. 26 Acclimatization to Heat Resulting from Daily Exposure of Five Subjects to Extremely Hot Room......Page 208 --- CHAPTER 10: INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ---......Page 214 3.6 Outdoor Air Ventilation and Health......Page 237 Table 1 Selected Illnesses Related to Exposure in Buildings......Page 215 Table 2 OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for Particlesa......Page 218 Table 3 Primary and Secondary Standards for Particle Pollution......Page 220 Table 4 Pathogens with Potential for Airborne Transmission......Page 223 Table 5 Comparison of Indoor Environment Standards and Guidelines......Page 225 Table 6 Selected SVOCs Found in Indoor Environments......Page 226 Table 7 Indoor Concentrations and Body Burden of Selected Semivolatile Organic Compounds......Page 227 Table 8 Inorganic Gas Comparative Criteria......Page 229 Fig. 3 Factors Affecting Acceptability of Building Vibration......Page 232 Fig. 7 Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 234 Table 12 2015 Action Levels for Radon Concentration Indoors......Page 235 Fig. 1 Related Human Sensory, Physiological, and Health Responses for Prolonged Exposure......Page 230 Fig. 2 Isotherms for Comfort, Discomfort, Physiological Strain, Effective Temperature (ET*), and Heat Stroke Danger Threshold......Page 231 Fig. 5 Median Perception Thresholds to Horizontal (Solid Lines) and Vertical (Dashed Line) Vibrations......Page 233 Fig. 8 Maximum Permissible Levels of Radio Frequency Radiation for Human Exposure......Page 236 --- CHAPTER 11: AIR CONTAMINANTS ---......Page 244 Fig. 3 Sizes of Indoor Particles......Page 247 Table 3 Common Molds on Water-Damaged Building Materials......Page 250 Table 4 Example Case of Airborne Fungi in Building and Outdoor Air......Page 251 Table 5 Major Chemical Families of Gaseous Air Contaminants......Page 252 Table 6 Characteristics of Selected Gaseous Air Contaminants......Page 254 Table 7 Gaseous Contaminant Sample Collection Techniques......Page 255 Table 8 Analytical Methods to Measure Gaseous Contaminant Concentration......Page 256 Table 9 Classification of Indoor Organic Contaminants by Volatility......Page 257 Table 10 VOCs Commonly Found in Buildings*......Page 258 Table 12 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for the United States......Page 260 Table 13 Sources and Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of Selected Indoor Contaminants......Page 262 Table 14 Flammable Limits of Some Gases and Vapors......Page 263 Fig. 2 Relative Deposition Efficiencies of Different-Sized Particles in the Three Main Regions of the Human Respiratory System, Calculated for Moderate Activity Level......Page 246 Fig. 4 Typical Urban Outdoor Distributions of Ultrafine or Nuclei (n) Particles, Fine or Accumulation (a) Particles, and Coarse (c) Particles......Page 248 Table 1 Odor Thresholds, ACGIH TLVs, and TLV/Threshold Ratios of Selected Gaseous Air Pollutants......Page 269 Fig. 4 Matching Functions Obtained with Dravnieks Olfactometer......Page 272 Fig. 5 Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons as a Function of Ventilation Rate per Standard Person (i.e., per Olf)......Page 274 --- CHAPTER 13: INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING ---......Page 277 Fig. 15 Schematic of Ventilation System and Envelope Leakage......Page 295 Fig. 19 Measured and Predicted Air Change Rates for Wind Speeds less than 2 m/s......Page 297 Fig. 1 (A) Grid Point Distribution and (B) Control Volume Around Grid Point P......Page 278 Fig. 3 Block-Structured Grid for Two-Dimensional Flow Simulation Through 90° Elbow Connected to Rectangular Duct......Page 280 Fig. 5 Circle Meshing......Page 281 Fig. 6 Boundary Condition Locations Around Diffuser Used in Box Method......Page 282 Fig. 9 Typical Velocity Distribution in Near-Wall Region......Page 283 Fig. 12 Duct with Symmetry Geometry......Page 284 Fig. 13 Airflow Path Diagram......Page 290 Fig. 14 Floor Plan of Living Area Level of Manufactured House......Page 294 Fig. 17 Multizone Representation of Ductwork in Belly and Crawlspace......Page 296 --- CHAPTER 14: CLIMATIC DESIGN INFORMATION ---......Page 300 Table 1 Design Conditions for Atlanta, GA, USA ......Page 303 Table 1A Nomenclature for Tables of Climatic Design Conditions......Page 304 Table 3 Time Zones in United States and Canada......Page 307 Table 4 Surface Orientations and Azimuths, Measured from South......Page 310 Table 6 Fraction of Daily Temperature Range......Page 311 Table 8 Derived Hourly Temperatures for Atlanta, GA for July for 5% Design Conditions, °C......Page 312 Table 9 Locations Representing Various Climate Types......Page 313 Fig. 1 Locations of Weather Stations......Page 301 Fig. 3 Solar Angles for Vertical and Horizontal Surfaces......Page 308 Fig. 4 Uncertainty versus Period Length for Various Dry-Bulb Temperatures, by Climate Type......Page 314 Fig. 5 Frequency and Duration of Episodes Exceeding Design Dry-Bulb Temperature for Indianapolis, IN......Page 315 Fig. 1 Construction Details of Typical Double-Glazing Unit......Page 348 Table 1 Representative Fenestration Frame U-Factors in W/(m2·K), Vertical Orientation......Page 353 Table 2 Indoor Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient hi in W/(m2·K), Vertical Orientation (Still Air Conditions)......Page 354 Table 3 Air Space Coefficients for Horizontal Heat Flow......Page 355 Table 4 U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in W/(m2·K)i......Page 356 Fig. 4 Frame Widths for Standard Fenestration Units......Page 358 Fig. 5 Details of Stile-and-Rail Door......Page 360 Fig. 6 Optical Properties of a Single Glazing Layer......Page 361 Table 10 Visible Transmittance Tv, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Solar Transmittance T , Front Reflectance Rf , Back Reflectance Rb , and Layer Absorptance A for Glazing and Window Systems......Page 369 Fig. 16 Generalized Tubular Daylighting Device......Page 377 Fig. 17 Transmittance of Straight Tube (Light Pipe) as Function of Reflectivity and Aspect Ratio (Length/Diameter)......Page 378 Table 13 Solar Heat Gain Coefficients for Standard Hollow Glass Block Wall Panels......Page 379 Table 14A IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Uncoated Single Glazings......Page 386 Table 14B IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Uncoated Double Glazings......Page 387 Table 14C IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Coated Double Glazings with 0.2 Low-e......Page 389 Table 14D IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Coated Double Glazings with 0.1 Low-e......Page 391 Table 14E IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Double Glazings with 0.05 Low-e......Page 393 Table 14F IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Triple Glazing......Page 395 Table 14G IAC Values for Draperies, Roller Shades, and Insect Screens......Page 397 Fig. 26 Noise Reduction Coefficient Versus Openness Factor for Draperies......Page 400 Table 16 Spectral Selectivity of Several Glazings......Page 404 Table 17 Sound Transmittance Loss for Various Types of Glass......Page 408 Fig. 2 Various Framing Configurations for Residential Fenestration......Page 350 Fig. 3 Center-of-Glass U-Factor for Vertical Double- and Triple-Pane Glazing Units......Page 352 Fig. 9 Normalized Solar Transmittance for Five Common Glass Substrates as Function of Incidence Angle in Degrees......Page 362 Fig. 12 Spectral Transmittances and Reflectances of Strongly Spectrally Selective Commercially Available Glazings......Page 363 Fig. 13 Solar Spectrum, Human Eye Response Spectrum, Scaled Blackbody Radiation Spectrum, and Idealized Glazing Reflectance Spectrum......Page 364 Fig. 14 Demonstration of Two Spectrally Selective Glazing Concepts, Showing Ideal Spectral Transmittances for Glazings Intended for Hot and Cold Climates......Page 365 Fig. 15 Components of Solar Radiant Heat Gain with Double-Pane Fenestration, Including Both Frame and Glazing Contributions......Page 367 Fig. 18 Instantaneous Heat Balance for Sunlit Glazing Material......Page 380 Fig. 20 Vertical and Horizontal Projections and Related Profile Angles for Vertical Surface Containing Fenestration......Page 381 Fig. 22 Geometry of Slat-Type Sunshades......Page 383 Fig. 25 Geometry of Drapery Fabrics......Page 384 Fig. 27 Window-to-Wall Ratio Versus Annual Electricity Use in kWh/(m2·floor·year)......Page 402 Fig. 29 Visible Transmittance Versus SHGC at Various Spectral Selectivities......Page 403 Fig. 30 Temperature Distribution on Indoor Surfaces of Glazing Unit......Page 405 Fig. 31 Minimum Indoor Surface Temperatures Before Condensation Occurs......Page 406 Fig. 34 Fenestration Effects on Thermal Comfort: Long-Wave Radiation, Solar Radiation, Convective Draft......Page 407 Figures......Page 416 Table 3 Total Ventilation Air Requirements......Page 437 Table 6 Basic Model Wind Coefficient Cw......Page 439 Table 9 Enhanced Model Shelter Factor s......Page 440 Fig. 13 Air Leakage Rates of Elevator Shaft Walls......Page 442 Fig. 2 Simple All-Air Air-Handling Unit with Associated Airflows......Page 417 Fig. 4 Entrainment Flow Within a Space......Page 418 Fig. 5 Underfloor Air Distribution to Occupied Space Above......Page 419 Fig. 7 Compartmentation Effect in Buildings......Page 425 Fig. 8 Increase in Airflow by Increasing Area of One Opening......Page 429 Fig. 9 Airflow Rate Versus Pressure Difference Data from Whole-House Pressurization Test......Page 430 Fig. 10 Envelope Leakage Measurements......Page 432 Fig. 12 Histogram of Infiltration Values for Low-Income Housing......Page 434 Fig. 16 Pressure Factor for Automatic Doors......Page 443 --- CHAPTER 17: RESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS --- ......Page 455 Table 1 RLF Limitations......Page 457 Table 2 Typical Fenestration Characteristicsa......Page 459 Table 5 Typical IDF Values, L/(s·cm2)......Page 460 Table 8 Roof Solar Absorptance aroof ......Page 462 Table 10 Peak Irradiance, W/m2......Page 463 Table 14 Interior Attenuation Coefficients (IACcl)......Page 464 Table 15 Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations......Page 465 Table 17 Example House Characteristics......Page 466 Fig. 1 Example House......Page 467 Table 23 Example House Total Sensible Loads......Page 468 --- CHAPTER 18: NONRESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS --- ......Page 471 Table 1 Representative Rates at Which Heat and Moisture Are Given Off by Human Beings in Different States of Activity......Page 474 Table 2 Lighting Power Densities Using Space-by-Space Method......Page 475 Fig. 3 Lighting Heat Gain Parameters for Recessed Fluorescent Luminaire Without Lens......Page 476 Table 4B Minimum Average Full-Load Efficiency for Polyphase Small Electric Motors*......Page 477 Table 5A Recommended Rates of Radiant and Convective Heat Gain from Unhooded Electric Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions......Page 478 Table 5C Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Electric Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions......Page 479 Table 5F Recommended Rates of Radiant and Convective Heat Gain from Warewashing Equipment during Idle (Standby) or Washing Conditions......Page 480 Table 7 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Laboratory Equipment......Page 481 Table 8C Recommended Heat Gain for Typical Tablet PC......Page 482 Fig. 4 Office Equipment Load Factor Comparison......Page 483 Table 12 Diversity Factor for Different Equipment......Page 484 Table 13 Single-Layer Glazing Data Produced by WINDOW 7.4.6......Page 489 Table 14 Recommended Radiative/Convective Splits for Internal Heat Gains......Page 494 Table 15 Solar Absorptance Values of Various Surfaces......Page 495 Table 16 Wall Conduction Time Series (CTS)......Page 496 Table 17 Roof Conduction Time Series (CTS)......Page 503 Table 18 Thermal Properties and Code Numbers of Layers Used in Wall and Roof Descriptions for Tables 16 and 17......Page 507 Table 20 Representative Solar RTS Values for Light to Heavy Construction......Page 508 Fig. 14 Below-Grade Parameters......Page 509 Table 24 Heat Loss Coefficient Fp of Slab Floor Construction......Page 510 Table 25 Common Sizing Calculations in Other Chapters......Page 511 Table 26 Summary of RTS Load Calculation Procedures......Page 515 Table 27 Monthly/Hourly 5% Design Temperatures for Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, °C......Page 517 Table 28 Cooling Load Component: Lighting, W......Page 518 Table 29B Conduction: Wall Component of Sol-Air Temperatures, Heat Input, Heat Gain, Cooling Load (Month 7)......Page 520 Table 30 Window Component of Heat Gain (No Blinds or Overhang) (Month 7)......Page 521 Table 31 Window Component of Cooling Load (No Blinds or Overhang) (Month 7)......Page 522 Table 33 Window Component of Cooling Load (with Blinds and Overhang) (Month 7)......Page 523 Table 35 Single-Room Example Peak Cooling Load (Sept.5:00 PM) for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA......Page 524 Table 36 Block Load Example: Envelope Area Summary, m2......Page 525 Table 38 Block Load Example—Second Floor Loads for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA......Page 526 Table 39 Block Load Example—Overall Building Loads for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA......Page 527 Fig. 2 Thermal Storage Effect in Cooling Load from Lights......Page 472 Fig. 6 Schematic of Wall Conduction Process......Page 487 Fig. 7 Schematic View of General Heat Balance Zone......Page 490 Fig. 11 RTS for Light to Heavy Construction......Page 493 Fig. 15 Schematic Diagram of Typical Return Air Plenum......Page 513 Fig. 16 Single-Room Example Office......Page 514 Fig. 17 First Floor Shell and Core Plan......Page 531 Fig. 18 Second Floor Shell and Core Plan......Page 532 Fig. 19 East/West Elevations, Elevation Details, and Perimeter Section......Page 533 Fig. 20 First Floor Tenant Plan......Page 534 Fig. 21 Second Floor Tenant Plan......Page 535 Fig. 22 3D View......Page 536 --- CHAPTER 19: ENERGY ESTIMATING AND MODELING METHODS ---......Page 537 Fig. 15 Backward Ray-Tracing Method......Page 563 Fig. 18 Neural Network Prediction of Whole-Building, Hourly Chilled-Water Consumption for Commercial Building......Page 570 Fig. 4 Heat Pump Capacity and Building Load......Page 544 Table 2 Calculation of Annual Heating Energy Consumption for Example 2 ......Page 545 Fig. 5 Possible Part-Load Power Curves......Page 552 Table 4 Single-Variate Models Applied to Utility Billing Data......Page 564 Table 5 Capabilities of Different Forward and Data-Driven Modeling Methods......Page 571 Table 6 Calibration Methods and Techniques......Page 572 Table 7 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140 Validation Test Matrix......Page 573 Table 8 Validation Techniques......Page 574 Fig. 19 Validation Method......Page 576 Fig. 1 Overall Modeling Strategy......Page 538 Fig. 3 Uncounted Ventilation Degree-Hours versus Counted Cooling Degree-Hours......Page 543 Fig. 7 Fan Part-Load Curve Obtained from Measured Field Data under ASHRAE RP-823......Page 554 Fig. 8 Psychrometric Schematic of Cooling Coil Processes......Page 556 Fig. 10 Example Boiler Model: Efficiency as Function of Part-Load Ratio and Entering Water Temperature......Page 558 Fig. 12 Algorithm for Calculating Performance of VAV with System Reheat......Page 560 Fig. 13 Split-Flux Method......Page 562 Fig. 16 Steady-State, Single-Variate Models for Modeling Energy Use in Residential and Commercial Buildings......Page 565 Fig. 20 Calibration Cases Conceptual Flow......Page 578 Fig. 1 Classification of Air Diffusion Methods......Page 590 Fig. 12 Zones of Expansion for Linear Air Jets......Page 594 Fig. 5 Example Airflow Patterns (Nonisothermal) of Outlet Group B......Page 592 Fig. 10 Example Airflow Patterns (Nonisothermal) of Outlet Group E (Low Velocity)......Page 593 Fig. 13 Cross-Sectional Velocity Profiles for Straight-Flow Turbulent Jets......Page 595 Fig. 15 Schematic Diagram of Major Flow Elements in Room with Displacement Ventilation......Page 597 --- CHAPTER 21: DUCT DESIGN --- ......Page 600 Fig. 9 Diffuser Installation Suggestions......Page 606 Table 4 Equivalent Flat Oval Duct Dimensions*......Page 609 Fig. 12 VAV Box Loss Coefficient Plot......Page 610 Fig. 13 Deficient System Performance with System Effect Ignored......Page 611 Fig. 18 Duct Layout for Example 7......Page 615 Table 9 Maximum Airflow of Round, Flat Oval and Rectangular Ducts as Function of Available Ceiling Space*......Page 618 Table 10 Options for Selecting 90° Takeoff......Page 620 Table 12 Recommended Maximum Airflow Velocities to Achieve Specified Acoustic Design Criteria*......Page 621 Fig. 27 Air Density for Example 8......Page 622 Table 14 Example 8, Equal Friction Design......Page 624 Table 15 Example 8, Static Regain Design......Page 625 Fig. 29 EF Design: Sizing Sections 4, 6, and 8 Knowing Design Friction Rate (Section 4 Shown)......Page 627 Table 20 Loss Coefficient Summary by Sections for Example 9......Page 629 Fig. 1 Thermal Gravity Effect for Example 1......Page 601 Fig. 4 Illustrative 6-Path, 9-Section System......Page 602 Fig. 5 Single Stack with Fan for Examples 3 and 4......Page 603 Fig. 7 Pressure Changes During Flow in Ducts......Page 604 Fig. 8 Pressure Loss Correction Factor for Flexible Duct Not Fully Extended......Page 605 Fig. 10 Friction Chart for Round Duct (p = 1.20 kg/m3 and e = 0.09 mm)......Page 608 Fig. 16 Fitting ED7-2 (Fan Inlet, Centrifugal Fan, SISW, with 4-Gore Elbow)......Page 612 Fig. 17 Comparison of Various Mechanical Equipment Room Locations......Page 614 Fig. 19 Criteria for Louver Sizing......Page 616 Fig. 21 Maximum Airflow of Round, Flat Oval, and Rectangular Ducts as Function of Available Ceiling Space......Page 617 Fig. 24 Guidelines for Centrifugal Fan Installations......Page 619 Fig. 25 Economizer Duct System Shown......Page 623 Fig. 31 System Schematic with Section Numbers for Example 9......Page 628 Fig. 32 Total Pressure Grade Line for Example 9......Page 630 --- CHAPTER 22: PIPE DESIGN --- ......Page 632 Table 1 Common Applications of Pipe, Fittings, and Valves for Heating and Air Conditioning......Page 633 Table 2 Manufacturers’ Recommendationsa,b for Plastic Materials......Page 636 Table 4 K Factors: Flanged Welded Steel Pipe Fittings......Page 637 Table 6 Summary of K Values for Steel Ells, Reducers, and Expansions......Page 638 Fig. 1 Close-Coupled Test Configurations......Page 639 Fig. 3 Summary Plot of Effect of Close-Coupled Configurations for 100 mm Ells......Page 640 Table 11 Suggested Hanger Spacing and Rod Size for Straight Horizontal Runs......Page 642 Fig. 4 Guided Cantilever Beam......Page 643 Fig. 5 Z Bend in Pipe......Page 644 Fig. 6 Multiplane Pipe System......Page 645 Table 15 Allowable Stressesa for Pipe and Tube......Page 646 Table 16 Steel Pipe Data......Page 647 Table 17 Copper Tube Data......Page 648 Table 18 Properties of Pipe Materialsa......Page 649 Table 20 Internal Working Pressure for Copper Tube Joints......Page 650 Table 23 Maximum Water Velocity to Minimize Erosion......Page 653 Fig. 10 Estimate Curves for Demand Load......Page 655 Fig. 16 Friction Loss for Water in Plastic Pipe (Schedule 80)......Page 658 Fi