راهنمای طراحی ASHRAE برای تهویه طبیعی

Expert Guidance on Designing and Implementing Natural Ventilation ASHRAE Design Guide for Natural Ventilation provides a comprehensive overview of the application of natural ventilation in modern buildings. In addition to a thorough discussion of terminology and key concepts related to the physical principles of natural ventilation, this guide also covers how to conduct a multifactor analysis to determine the feasibility of implementing natural ventilation in a building. This guide also expands on currently available natural-ventilation-related standards and codes from ASHRAE and other organizations, and includes case studies of buildings from around the world that are excellent examples of best practices for the implementation of natural ventilation and worked examples are included. This guide is accompanied by supplemental appendices, which are available online in PDF format. In addition to in-depth information about the design of natural ventilation projects, they also provide more results of an analysis of natural ventilation systems for cities of varying climates. Written by two leading experts in the field, ASHRAE Design Guide for Natural Ventilation assists engineers, architects, building owners, facilities personnel, and building design professionals in exploring the feasibility of natural ventilation for their projects during the early phases of design as a way to encourage designing energy-efficient naturally ventilated buildings. Supplemental Files Online file://www.ashrae.org/naturalventilationChapter 1 1.1 Purpose of the Guide 1.2 Organization of the Guide 1.3 How to Use the Guide 1.4 When Not to Use Natural Ventilation 1.4.1 Strict Filtration Requirements 1.4.2 Contaminant Dilution Concerns 1.4.3 Special Pressurization Relationships 1.4.4 Speech Privacy Concerns 1.4.5 Internal Heat Load Demands 1.5 Perceived Benefits and Risks of Natural Ventilation 1.5.1 Indoor Conditions: Air Quality versus Occupant Comfort 1.5.2 Occupant Discretion: Device Control versus Situational Constraint 1.5.3 Cost of Ownership Weighing the Benefits and Risks of Natural Ventilation 1.5.5 Communicating with Occupants about Natural Ventilation 1.6 Applicable Codes, References, and Standards 1.7 References Appendix A1.1 A1.1.1 Heat Load to the Space A1.1.2 Ventilation Requirements A1.1.3 References Appendix A1.2 A1.2.1 Heat load to the space A1.2.2 Ventilation Requirements A1.2.3 References Chapter 2 2.1 Natural Ventilation versus Natural Conditioning 2.2 Mixed-Mode Ventilation 2.3 How Does Natural Ventilation Work? 2.4 Planning for Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation 2.4.1 The Math Behind the Working Principle of Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation 2.4.2 Complex Geometries and the Determination of Neutral Plane 2.5 Planning for Wind-Driven Ventilation 2.5.1 The Math Behind the Working Principle of Wind-Driven Ventilation 2.6 Designing Successful Naturally Conditioned Spaces 2.6.1 Designing for Thermal Comfort 2.6.2 Designing for Occupant Control B Head - 2.6.3 Designing Based on Client Engagement 2.7 References Appendix A2.1 A Head Right - A2.1.1 References Appendix A2.2 A2.2.1 References Appendix A2.3 A2.3.1 Reference Appendix A2.4 A2.4.1 Low-Rise Buildings A2.4.2 High-Rise Buildings A2.4.3 Reference Appendix A2.5 A2.5.1 References Chapter 3 3.1 Air Quality 3.1.1 Regional Air Quality Assessment 3.1.2 Local Air Quality Assessment 3.2 Outdoor Noise Environment 3.2.1 Method of Determining Adequate Outdoor Noise Environment B Head - 3.2.2 Target Indoor Noise Environment 3.2.3 Attenuation of Natural Ventilation Apertures 3.2.4 Estimating the Outdoor Noise Environment 3.3 Wind Climate 3.3.1 Historical Wind Rose Analysis 3.3.2 Generating Pressure Coefficients from Wind Studies 3.4 Historical Weather Data 3.4.1 Natural Conditioning Potential by U.S. Climate Zone 3.4.2 Review of Mean Maximum and Mean Minimum Monthly Temperatures 3.4.3 Frequency of Occurrence Analysis Overview 3.4.4 Frequency of Occurrence Analysis using Software Tools B Head - 3.4.5 Frequency of Occurrence Analysis by Building a Spreadsheet 3.5 Future Climate Trends 3.6 References Appendix A3.1 A3.1.1 References Appendix A3.2 A3.2.1 References Appendix A3.3 A3.4.1 Reference Appendix A3.4 Appendix A3.5 A3.5.1 References Appendix A3.6 A3.6.1 Step 1. Produce a Bioclimatic Chart to represent all strategies A3.6.2 Step 2. Select Preferred Strategies to Represent Natural Conditioning A3.6.3 Step 3. Determine if a heating system is required A3.6.4 Step 4. Determine if a backup mechanical cooling system is required A3.6.5 Step 5. Determine if an infiltration-resistant envelope is required A3.6.6 Caveats when using Climate Consultant for the Adaptive Comfort Model A3.6.7 References Appendix A3.7 A3.7.1 References Chapter 4 4.1 Balancing Daylight and Natural Ventilation Access in Perimeter Zones 4.2 Assessing Building Configuration for Natural Ventilation 4.3 Considerations For Placing Natural Ventilation Openings B Head - 4.3.1 Single-Sided Natural Ventilation B Head - 4.3.2 Cross-Ventilation B Head - 4.3.3 Vertical Placement of Openings B Head - 4.3.4 Window Shape and Size B Head - 4.3.5 Insect Screens B Head - 4.3.6 Openings in Use 4.4 Selecting Opening Types for Natural Ventilation 4.4.1 Window Types 4.4.2 Roof Monitor Types 4.5 Selecting Window Glazing for Reduction of Conductive Heat Gains and Losses 4.5.1 Estimating Heat Loss for Sizing Heating Systems 4.5.2 Radiant Impacts on Comfort 4.5.3 Cold Downdrafts in Naturally Ventilated Spaces 4.5.4 Condensation without Offsetting Air Movement 4.6 Selecting Window Glazing For Solar Control 4.7 Limiting WWRs to Control Heat Gain 4.8 Configuring Shading and Blinds in Natural Ventilation Schemes 4.9 References Appendix A4.1 A4.1.1 Reference Appendix A4.2 A4.2.1 References Chapter 5 5.1 Introduction to Available Ventilation Compliance Paths 5.2 Wind and Thermal Buoyancy Formulas to Determine Airflow through an Opening 5.3 Prescriptive Design Requirements in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016 and Older Versions 5.4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 on Path A and Path B Opening Sizing 5.5 Prescriptive Path on Opening Compliance per California’s Title 24 Code 5.6 Engineered Natural Ventilation Systems 5.7 Wind-only Window Sizing Procedure 5.8 Estimating Appropriate Size for Natural Ventilation Openings for Minimum Outdoor Air Quantities on Cold Days 5.9 Energy Modeling for Natural Ventilation in ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2019 5.10 Natural Ventilation Documentation for the LEED® Rating System 5.11 References Appendix A5.1 A5.1.1 Reference Appendix A5.2 A5.2.1 Reference Appendix A5.3 A5.3.1 Reference Appendix A5.4 A5.4.1 Reference Appendix A5.5 A5.5.1 New York City, NY, Results A5.5.1.1 Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation A5.5.1.2 Wind-Driven Ventilation A5.5.2 Reference Chapter 6 6.1 Confirming the Requirement to Meet a Comfort Standard 6.2 IDENTIFYING THE APPROPRIATE ASHRAE STANDARD 55 COMFORT COMPLIANCE METHOD 6.3 Limitations on the Use of the Adaptive Comfort Method 6.3.1 No Mechanical Cooling System Installed 6.3.2 Limits on Metabolic Rates 6.3.3 Adaptability of Clothing 6.3.4 Constraints on Outdoor Air Temperatures 6.4 Applying the Adaptive Comfort Zone Method 6.4.1 Acceptability Limits 6.4.2 Use of Bulk Airflow and Dynamic Thermal Simulation Modeling 6.4.3 Postprocessing Results from Simulation Modeling 6.4.4 “Flat” Mean versus Prevailing Mean to Set Temperature Limits 6.4.5 Demonstrating Compliance with the Adaptive Comfort Method 6.4.6 Checking Simultaneous ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Compliance 6.4.7 Checking Adaptive Comfort Method Against PPD Calculations from the Analytical Method 6.5 Documentation of Compliance with the Standards 6.6 Credit Documentation for LEED® Thermal Comfort Credit 6.7 RULES OF THUMB FOR MANAGING EXPECTATIONS AROUND COMFORT RESULTS 6.8 Cold Day Concerns in Natural Conditioning Schemes 6.9 References Appendix A6.1 A6.1.1 Office Space A6.1.2 Classroom Space A6.1.3 References Appendix A6.2 A6.2.1 Office Space A6.2.2 Classroom Space A6.2.3 Comparative Comfort A6.2.4 References Appendix A6.3 A6.3.1 New York City, NY, Results A6.3.1.1 Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation A6.3.1.2 Wind-Driven Results Chapter 7 7.1 Overview of Building Management Controls for Natural Ventilation Systems 7.2 Sampling of Typical Control Sequences of Operation 7.3 Natural Ventilation Sequences of Operation 7.3.1 Typical Manual Control and Manual Control with Button Natural Ventilation Sequence of Operation 7.3.2 Typical Automatic Window Natural Ventilation Sequence of Operation 7.4 Natural Ventilation Heating Mode Enabled/Disabled Sequences of Operation 7.4.1 Typical Concurrent Heating Sequence of Operation 7.4.2 Typical Changeover Heating Sequence of Operation 7.5 Natural Conditioning Sequences of Operation 7.5.1 Typical Manual Control and Manual Control with Button Natural Conditioning Sequence of Operation 7.5.2 Typical Manual Control with Favorable Condition Indicator Natural Conditioning Sequence of Operation 7.6 Mixed-Mode Changeover Sequence of Operation 7.6.1 Typical Automatic Window Operation with Temperature Control Natural Conditioning Sequence of Operation 7.6.2 Natural Conditioning with Hot Hours Cooling Changeover 7.6.3 Automatic Window Control for Nighttime Purge of Heat from Thermal Mass 7.7 Selecting Actuators 7.7.1 Actuator Control Functionality Requirements 7.7.2 Actuator Mechanism Type 7.7.3 Actuator-Linkage Coordination 7.8 References 7.9 Bibliography Appendix A7.1 A7.1.1 Outdoor Sensors Active in Sequences of Operations A7.1.1.1 Outdoor Temperature A7.1.1.2 Outdoor Relative Humidity A7.1.1.3 Wind Speed A7.1.1.4 Wind Direction A7.1.1.5 Rain Sensors A7.1.1.6 Outdoor Pollutants A7.1.1.7 Static Outside Air Pressure at Façade A7.1.2 Indoor Sensors Active in Sequences of Operations A7.1.2.1 Indoor Temperature A7.1.2.2 Indoor Relative Humidity A7.1.2.3 Indoor CO2 Monitoring A7.1.2.4 Thermal Mass Surface Temperature A7.1.2.5 Window/Louver Closed Position Status A7.1.2.6 Favorable Condition Indicator A7.1.3 References ASHRAE Design Guide for Natural Ventilation provides a comprehensive overview of the application of natural ventilation in modern buildings. In addition to a thorough discussion of terminology and key concepts related to the physical principles of natural ventilation, this guide also covers how to conduct a multifactor analysis to determine the feasibility of implementing natural ventilation in a building. This guide also expands on currently available natural-ventilation-related standards and codes from ASHRAE and other organizations and includes case studies of buildings from around the world that are excellent examples of best practices for the implementation of natural ventilation, with worked examples included. This guide is accompanied by supplemental appendices, which are available online in PDF format. In addition to in-depth information about the design of natural ventilation projects, they also provide more results of an analysis of natural ventilation systems for cities of varying climates. Written by two leading experts in the field, ASHRAE Design Guide for Natural Ventilation assists engineers, architects, building owners, facilities personnel, and building design professionals in exploring the feasibility of natural ventilation for their projects during the early phases of design as a way to encourage designing energy-efficient naturally ventilated buildings. "ASHRAE Design Guide for Natural Ventilation assists owners, architects, engineers, facilities personnel, and building design professionals in exploring the feasibility of natural ventilation for their building project during the early phases of design"-- Provided by publisher