ASHRAE 2001 HVAC Fundamentals Handbook

Cover......Page 1 Contributors......Page 2 Fig. 1 Energy Flows in General Thermodynamic System......Page 6 Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 7 Equations of State......Page 8 Calculating Thermodynamic Properties......Page 9 Fig. 2 Mixture of i and j Components in Constant Pressure Container......Page 10 Fig. 5 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle......Page 11 Fig. 7 Carnot Vapor Compression Cycle......Page 12 Fig. 9 Schematic p-h Diagram for Example 2......Page 13 Fig. 11 Processes of Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle......Page 14 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles......Page 15 Fig. 13 Schematic and Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Dual-Compression, Dual-Expansion Cycle of Ex.........Page 16 Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram of Actual System and Theoretical Single-Stage System Operating.........Page 17 Fig. 17 Single-Effect Absorption Cycle......Page 19 Working Fluids......Page 20 Conceptualizing the Cycle......Page 21 Table 6 Assumptions for Single-Effect Water-Lithium Bromide Model (Figure 17)......Page 22 Fig. 21 Double-Effect Water-Lithium Bromide Absorption Cycle with State Points......Page 23 Fig. 22 Single-Effect Ammonia-Water Absorption Cycle......Page 24 References......Page 25 Bibliography......Page 26 Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics......Page 27 Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation along Flow......Page 28 Wall Friction......Page 29 Flow Patterns with Separation......Page 30 Cavitation......Page 31 Nonisothermal Effects......Page 32 Compressibility......Page 33 Conduit Friction......Page 34 Fig. 13 Relation Between Friction Factor and Reynolds Number......Page 35 Section Change Effects and Losses......Page 36 Fig. 15 Effect of Duct Length on Damper Action......Page 37 Fig. 17 Differential Pressure Flowmeters......Page 38 Unsteady Flow......Page 39 References......Page 40 Steady-State Conduction......Page 41 Local Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient— Resistance Method......Page 42 Mean Temperature Difference......Page 43 Transient Heat Flow......Page 44 Multidimensional Temperature Distribution......Page 45 Thermal Radiation......Page 46 Blackbody Radiation......Page 47 Actual Radiation......Page 48 Calculation of Radiant Exchange Between Surfaces Separated by Nonabsorbing Media......Page 49 Fig. 6 Radiation Angle Factor for Various Geometries......Page 50 Natural Convection......Page 51 Table 5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients......Page 52 Fig. 10 Typical Dimensionless Representation of Forced-Convection Heat Transfer......Page 53 Fig. 12 Typical Tube-Side Enhancements......Page 55 Table 7 Equations for Augmented Forced Convection (Single Phase)......Page 56 Fig. 14 Enhanced Surfaces for Gases......Page 57 Active Techniques......Page 58 Table 12 Selected Studies on EHD Technique......Page 59 Fin Efficiency......Page 60 Fig. 19 Efficiency of Four Types of Spine......Page 61 Fig. 22 Variation of Fin Resistance with Efficiency for Annular and Rectangular Fins (Gardner 1945)......Page 62 Finned-Tube Heat Transfer......Page 63 Symbols......Page 64 Heat Transfer, General......Page 67 Fig. 1 Characteristic Pool Boiling Curve......Page 68 Fig. 2 Effect of Surface Roughness on Temperature in Pool Boiling of Pentane......Page 69 Table 1 Equations for Boiling Heat Transfer......Page 70 Fig. 4 Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficients for Flooded Evaporator......Page 71 Fig. 5 Flow Regimes in Typical Smooth Horizontal Tube Evaporator......Page 72 Condensing......Page 74 Table 4 Values of Condensing Coefficient Factors for Different Refrigerants (from Chapter 19)......Page 76 Fig. 11 Origin of Noncondensable Resistance......Page 77 Pressure Drop......Page 78 Fig. 12 Qualitative Pressure Drop Characteristics of Two-Phase Flow Regime......Page 79 Symbols......Page 80 References......Page 81 Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media)......Page 84 Table 1 Mass Diffusivities for Gases in Aira......Page 85 Fig. 2 Pressure Profiles for Diffusion of Water Vapor Through Stagnant Air......Page 86 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids......Page 87 Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer......Page 88 Fig. 6 Water-Saturated Flat Plate in Flowing Airstream......Page 89 Fig. 8 Vaporization and Absorption in Wetted-Wall Column......Page 90 Fig. 11 Sensible Heat Transfer j-Factors for Parallel Plate Exchanger......Page 91 Enthalpy Potential......Page 92 Fig. 12 Air Washer Spray Chamber......Page 93 Air Washers......Page 94 Fig. 15 Graphical Solution of Údh/(hi - h)......Page 95 Symbols......Page 96 Bibliography......Page 97 Table 1 Standard Atmospheric Data for Altitudes to 10000 m......Page 98 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation......Page 99 Table 2 Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 101.325 kPa......Page 100 Table 3 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation (Continued)......Page 103 Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air......Page 105 Thermodynamic WetBulbTemperature and DewPoint Temperature......Page 106 Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure......Page 107 Fig. 1 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1......Page 108 Fig. 2 Schematic of Device for Heating Moist Air......Page 109 Fig. 6 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams......Page 110 Fig. 9 Schematic Solution for Example 5......Page 111 Fig. 11 Schematic Solution for Example 6......Page 112 References for Air, Water, and Steam Properties......Page 113 References......Page 114 Table 1 Typical Sound Pressures and Sound Pressure Levels......Page 115 Table 3 Combining Two Sound Levels......Page 116 Fig. 1 Curves Showing A- and C-Weighting Responses for Sound Level Meters......Page 117 Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level......Page 118 Determining Sound Power......Page 119 Airborne Transmission......Page 120 Enclosures and Barriers......Page 121 Attenuation of Sound in Ducts and Plenums......Page 122 Noise......Page 123 Fig. 4 Equal Loudness Contours for Relatively Narrow Bands of Random Noise......Page 124 Noise Criteria (NC) Method......Page 125 Room Criteria (RC) Method......Page 126 Estimating Occupant Satisfaction Using QAI......Page 127 Table 10 Definition of Sound Quality Descriptor and Quality Assessment Index (QAI) to Aid in Int.........Page 128 Fig. 10 Vibration Transmissibility T as a Function of fd/fn......Page 129 Fig. 13 Transmissibility of Two-Degree-of-Freedom System......Page 130 References......Page 131 Bibliography......Page 132 Human Thermoregulation......Page 133 Energy Balance......Page 134 Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin......Page 135 Alternative Formulations......Page 136 Total Skin Heat Loss......Page 137 Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency......Page 138 Heat Transfer Coefficients......Page 139 Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency......Page 140 Table 8 Garment Insulation Values......Page 141 Environmental Parameters......Page 142 Fig. 4 Analytical Formulas for Calculating Angle Factor for Small Plane Element......Page 143 Fig. 5 ASHRAE Summer and Winter Comfort Zones......Page 144 Draft......Page 145 Warm or Cold Floors......Page 146 Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms......Page 147 Fig. 11 Air Velocities and Operative Temperatures at 50% rh Necessary for Comfort (PMV = 0) of P.........Page 148 Two-Node Model......Page 149 Zones of Comfort and Discomfort......Page 150 Humid Operative Temperature......Page 151 Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature......Page 152 Wind Chill Index......Page 153 Fig. 18 Variation in Skin Reflection and Absorptivity for Blackbody Heat Sources......Page 154 Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating......Page 155 Fig. 21 Schematic Design of Heat Stress and Heat Disorders......Page 156 Extreme Cold Environments......Page 157 Symbols......Page 158 Descriptions of Selected Health Sciences......Page 162 Hazard Recognition......Page 163 Hazard Evaluation......Page 164 Dusts......Page 165 Combustion Nuclei......Page 166 Sources......Page 167 Gaseous Contaminants......Page 168 Gaseous Contaminants in NonIndustrial Environments......Page 169 Health Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds......Page 170 Health Effects of Inorganic Gases......Page 171 Range of Healthy Living Conditions......Page 172 Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases......Page 173 Vibration......Page 174 Fig. 4 Acceleration Perception Thresholds and Acceptability Limits for Horizontal Oscillations......Page 175 Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 176 Nonionizing Radiation......Page 177 Ergonomics......Page 178 Animals......Page 182 Heat Production......Page 183 Cyclic Conditions......Page 184 Table 1 Dust Sources and Flora in Swine Buildings......Page 185 Ventilation Requirement......Page 186 Ventilation Effectiveness......Page 187 Lactation......Page 188 Heat and Moisture Production......Page 189 Wool Production......Page 190 Growth......Page 191 Fig. 18 Room Latent Heat in Hog House......Page 192 Heat and Moisture Production......Page 193 Reproduction......Page 194 Heat and Moisture Production......Page 195 Energy Balance......Page 196 Fig. 28 Phytochrome Action Spectra......Page 198 Radiation Levels for Plant Growth......Page 199 Relative Humidity......Page 200 References......Page 201 Bibliography......Page 203 Moisture Content......Page 204 Table 2 Approximate Temperature and Relative Humidity Requirements for Spore Germination and Gro.........Page 205 Table 3 Estimates of Optimum and Minimum Temperatures and Relative Humidity Conditions for Popul.........Page 206 Moisture Measurement......Page 208 Fungal Growth and Mycotoxins......Page 209 Table 5 Constants for Dry Matter Loss of Shelled Corn [Equation (11)]......Page 210 Fig. 2 Drying Process Diagrammed on Psychrometric Chart Showing Adiabatic Evaporation of Moistur.........Page 211 Airflow Resistance......Page 212 Analysis of Deep Bed Drying......Page 213 Fig. 3 Time in Swath and Windrow Versus Field Losses of Leaves, Dry Matter, Protein, and Caroten.........Page 214 Cotton......Page 215 Wheat and Barley......Page 216 Tobacco (Curing)......Page 217 Classes of Air Contaminants......Page 222 Sizes of Airborne Particles......Page 223 Fig. 3 Sizes of Indoor Particles......Page 224 Measurement of Airborne Particles......Page 225 Pollen......Page 226 Table 3 Example Case of Airborne Fungi in Building and in Outdoor Air......Page 227 Gaseous Contaminants......Page 228 Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants......Page 229 Volatile Organic Compounds......Page 230 Table 6 Gaseous Contaminant Concentration Measurement Methods......Page 231 Inorganic Gases......Page 232 Outdoor Air Contaminants......Page 233 Table 11 Characteristics of Selected Gaseous Air Pollutants......Page 234 Table 12 Sources, Possible Concentrations, and Indoor-to-Outdoor Concentration Ratios of Some In.........Page 235 Flammable Gases and Vapors......Page 236 Radioactive Air Contaminants......Page 237 Soil Gases......Page 238 Olfactory Stimuli......Page 242 Sorption and Release of Odors......Page 243 Intensity......Page 244 Fig. 3 Panelist Using Dravnieks Binary Dilution Olfactometer......Page 245 Analytical Measurement......Page 246 Table 3 Sensory Pollution Load from Different Pollution Sources......Page 247 Terminology......Page 250 Uncertainty Sources......Page 251 Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature......Page 252 Table 1 Temperature Measurement......Page 253 Resistance Temperature Devices......Page 254 Fig. 3 Typical Resistance Temperature Device Bridge Circuits......Page 255 Thermocouples......Page 256 Multiple Thermocouples......Page 257 Psychrometers......Page 258 Table 3 Humidity Sensor Properties......Page 259 Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers......Page 260 Pressure Measurement......Page 261 Electromechanical Transducers......Page 262 Airborne Tracer Techniques......Page 263 Thermal Anemometers......Page 264 Measuring Flow in Ducts......Page 265 Flow Rate Measurement......Page 266 Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters......Page 267 Fig. 8 Dimensions of ASME Long-Radius Flow Nozzles......Page 268 Turbine Flowmeters......Page 269 Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement......Page 270 Fig. 12 Amperometric Carbon Dioxide Sensor......Page 271 Ammeters......Page 272 Sound and Vibration Measurement......Page 273 Fig. 25 Three-Wire, Three-Phase Power-Factor Meter......Page 274 Calibration......Page 275 Lighting Measurement......Page 276 Mean Radiant Temperature......Page 277 Vapor Permeability......Page 278 Air Contaminant Measurement......Page 279 Digital Recording......Page 280 Standards......Page 281 References......Page 282 Bibliography......Page 283 Fig. 1 Discharge Air Temperature Control......Page 284 Fig. 5 Floating Control Showing Variations in Controlled Variable as Load Changes......Page 285 Fuzzy Logic......Page 286 Valves......Page 287 Fig. 11 Typical Performance Curves for Linear Devices at Various Percentages of Total System Pre.........Page 288 Fig. 13 Typical Multiblade Dampers......Page 289 Positive Positioners......Page 290 Temperature Sensors......Page 291 Power Sensing and Transmission......Page 292 Thermostats......Page 293 Auxiliary Control Devices......Page 294 The OSI Network Model......Page 295 Network Structure......Page 296 Transmission Media......Page 297 Commissioning......Page 298 Fig. 25 Response of Discharge Air Temperature to Step Change in Set Points at Various Proportion.........Page 299 References......Page 300 Fan System Effect Coefficients......Page 799 Flow Patterns......Page 301 Fig. 3 Flow Recirculation Regions and Exhaust-to-Intake Stretched-String Distances......Page 302 Local Wind Pressure Coefficients......Page 303 Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures......Page 304 Fig. 8 Local Roof Pressure Coefficients for Roof of Low-Rise Buildings......Page 305 Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations......Page 306 Natural and Mechanical Ventilation......Page 307 Fig. 13 Effect of Wind-Assisted and Wind-Opposed Flow......Page 308 Scale Model Simulation and Testing......Page 309 Designing Model Test Programs......Page 310 References......Page 311 Bibliography......Page 312 Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources......Page 313 Self-Imposed Budgets......Page 314 Envelope......Page 315 HVAC Equipment Selection......Page 316 Quantifiable Relationships......Page 317 Production......Page 318 Fig. 5 World Recoverable Coal Reserves: December 31, 1996 and January 1, 1999 (U.S. Only)......Page 319 Fig. 8 World Coal Consumption: 1998......Page 320 Fig. 12 Per Capita End-Use Energy Consumption Trends in the United States......Page 321 Fig. 14 Projected Total U.S. Energy Consumption by Resource......Page 322 Tradable Emission Credits......Page 323 Agencies and Associations in the United States......Page 324 Principles of Combustion......Page 325 Fuel Classification......Page 327 Liquid Fuels......Page 328 Solid Fuels......Page 330 Combustion Calculations......Page 332 Efficiency Calculations......Page 336 Combustion Considerations......Page 337 Bibliography......Page 340 Phaseout of Refrigerants......Page 341 Table 1 Standard Designation of Refrigerants (ASHRAE Standard 34)......Page 342 Table 2 Physical Properties of Selected Refrigerantsa......Page 343 Fig. 3 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide......Page 344 Table 4 Electrical Properties of Refrigerant Vapors......Page 345 Table 5 Velocity of Sound in Refrigerant Vapors......Page 346 Ammonia and Sulfur Dioxide Leaks......Page 347 Table 8 Comparative Refrigerant Performance per Ton at Various Evaporating and Condensing Temper.........Page 348 Table 12 Swelling of Plastics in Liquid Refrigerants at Room Temperature......Page 350 References......Page 351 CHAPTER 20......Page 352 Fig. 1 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12......Page 353 Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 354 Fig. 2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22......Page 355 Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 356 Fig. 3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 23......Page 357 Refrigerant 23 (Trifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 358 Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32......Page 359 Refrigerant 32 (Difluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 360 Fig. 5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 123......Page 361 Refrigerant 123 (2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated.........Page 362 Fig. 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 124......Page 363 Refrigerant 124 (2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated.........Page 364 Fig. 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 125......Page 365 Refrigerant 125 (Pentafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 366 Fig. 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a......Page 367 Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 368 Fig. 9 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 152a......Page 371 Refrigerant 152a (1,1-Difluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 372 Refrigerant 143a (1,1,1-Trifluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 373 Refrigerant 245fa (1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 374 Fig. 10 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 404A......Page 375 Refrigerant 404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)] Properties of Liquid on the Bubble Line and Vapor on.........Page 376 Fig. 11 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C......Page 377 Refrigerant 407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)] Properties of Liquid on the Bubble Line and Vapor on .........Page 378 Refrigerant 410A [R-32/125 (50/50)] Properties of Liquid on the Bubble Line and Vapor on the Dew .........Page 379 Refrigerant 507A [R-125/143a (50/50)] Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 380 Fig. 12 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia)......Page 381 Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 382 Fig. 13 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam)......Page 383 Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 384 Fig. 14 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide)......Page 385 Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 386 Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 50 (Methane)......Page 387 Refrigerant 50 (Methane) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)......Page 388 Fig. 16 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 170 (Ethane)......Page 389 Refrigerant 170 (Ethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 390 Fig. 17 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 290 (Propane)......Page 391 Refrigerant 290 (Propane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 392 Fig. 18 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane)......Page 393 Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 394 Fig. 19 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane)......Page 395 Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 396 Fig. 20 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene)......Page 397 Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 398 Fig. 21 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene)......Page 399 Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor......Page 400 Fig. 22 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 702 (Normal Hydrogen)......Page 401 Refrigerant 702 (Normal Hydrogen)Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)......Page 402 Fig. 23 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 702p (Parahydrogen)......Page 403 Refrigerant 702p (Parahydrogen)Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)......Page 404 Fig. 24 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 704 (Helium)......Page 405 Refrigerant 704 (Helium)Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)......Page 406 Fig. 25 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen)......Page 407 Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen)Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)......Page 408 Fig. 26 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 729 (Air)......Page 409 Refrigerant 729 (Air)Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)......Page 410 Fig. 27 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen)......Page 411 Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen)Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)......Page 412 Fig. 28 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 740 (Argon)......Page 413 Fig. 29 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Ammonia-Water Solutions......Page 415 Refrigerant Temperature (t¢ = C) and Enthalpy (h = kJ/kg) of Lithium Bromide Solutions......Page 416 Fig. 30 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Water-Lithium Bromide Solutions......Page 417 Fig. 31 Equilibrium Chart for Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions......Page 418 References......Page 419 Physical Properties......Page 422 Table 2 Properties of Pure Sodium Chloridea Brines......Page 423 Fig. 6 Density of Sodium Chloride Brines......Page 424 Table 3 Physical Properties of Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol......Page 425 Table 5 Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol......Page 426 Table 7 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol......Page 427 Table 9 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol......Page 428 Table 11 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol......Page 429 Table 13 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol......Page 430 Fig. 14 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol (vol. %)......Page 431 Service Considerations......Page 432 Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids......Page 433 Bibliography......Page 434 Desiccant Cycle......Page 435 Table 1 Vapor Pressures of Different Relative Humidities at 21C......Page 436 Fig. 5 Surface Vapor Pressure of Water-Lithium Chloride Solutions......Page 437 Fig. 6 Adsorption and Structural Characteristics of Some Experimental Silica Gels......Page 438 Desiccant Life......Page 439 Bibliography......Page 440 Terminology and Symbols......Page 441 Properties......Page 442 Acoustics......Page 443 Fig. 2 Typical Variation of Apparent Thermal Conductivity with Fiber Diameter and Density......Page 444 Fig. 3 Typical Variation of Apparent Thermal Conductivity with Mean Temperature and Density for .........Page 445 Surface Conductance......Page 446 Factors Affecting Heat Transfer Across Air Spaces......Page 447 Fig. 5 Heat Flow Through Cylindrical Surfaces......Page 448 Fig. 6 Determination of Economic Thickness of Installed Insulation of Mechanical Equipment......Page 449 Fig. 7 Example of Optimal Thermal Resistance for Building with Internal Heat Gains......Page 450 Paint Failure and Other Appearance Problems......Page 451 Effect of Moisture on Heat Flow......Page 452 Table 2 Linear and Volumetric Shrinkage Values of Wood, from Green to Oven Dry Moisture Content......Page 453 Water Vapor Diffusion......Page 454 Airflow Retarder Functions and Properties......Page 455 Vapor Retarder Functions and Properties......Page 456 Steady-State Design Tools......Page 457 Table 5 Initial and Final Calculations of Vapor Pressure Drops and Surface Vapor Pressures in Ex.........Page 458 Mathematical Models......Page 459 Preventing Surface Condensation......Page 460 Fig. 11 Conversion of Equivalent Thickness to Actual Thickness for Pipe Insulation......Page 461 Cold-Formed Steel Frame Construction......Page 464 Masonry and Concrete Construction......Page 465 Control of Liquid Water Entry......Page 466 Surface Condensation......Page 467 Vapor Retarders and Airflow Retarders......Page 468 Other Considerations......Page 469 Example of Residential Wall Construction for Mixed Climates......Page 470 Other Considerations......Page 471 Inverted Roof Systems......Page 472 Crawl Spaces......Page 473 Fig. 5 Example of Residential Slab-on-Grade Construction in Warm, Humid Climates......Page 474 Moisture Control in Commercial and Institutional Buildings......Page 475 Fig. 8 Heat Loss Effect at Ceiling Edge......Page 476 Insulating Pipes to Prevent Freezing......Page 477 Underground Pipe Insulation......Page 478 References......Page 479 Bibliography......Page 480 Thermal Transmission Data for Building Components......Page 481 Fig. 2 Insulated Wood Frame Wall (Example 1)......Page 482 Masonry Walls......Page 483 Table 2A Heating and Wind Design Conditions—Canada......Page 0 Table 3 Thermal Resistances of Plane Air Spacesa,b,c, K·m2/W......Page 484 Table 4 Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating Materials—Design Valuesa......Page 485 Constructions Containing Metal......Page 489 Fig. 5 Gypsum Roof Deck on Bulb Tees (Example 4)......Page 490 Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities......Page 491 Uo Concept......Page 492 Table 6 Transmission Coefficients U for Wood and Steel Doors, W/(m2·K)......Page 493 Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Soil......Page 494 Heat Loss from Pipes and Flat Surfaces......Page 495 Table 9 Typical Water Vapor Permeance and Permeability Values for Common Building Materialsa......Page 496 Table 10 Typical Thermal Conductivity for Industrial Insulations at Various Mean Temperatures—De.........Page 498 Fig. 9 Surface Resistance as Function of Heat Transmission for Flat Surfaces and Cylindrical Sur.........Page 499 Calculating Heat Flow for Buried Pipelines......Page 500 Table 12 Heat Loss from Bare Copper Tube to Still Air at 27Ca, W/m......Page 501 Table 13 Recommended Thicknesses for Pipe and Equipment Insulation......Page 502 Fig. 1 Two-Space Building with Forced Ventilation, Infiltration, and Exfiltration......Page 505 Room Air Movement......Page 506 Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation......Page 507 Air Change Effectiveness......Page 508 Wind Pressure......Page 509 Mechanical Systems......Page 510 Fig. 5 Distribution of Inside and Outside Pressures over Height of Building......Page 511 ASHRAE Standard 62......Page 512 Thermal Loads......Page 513 Flow Caused by Wind Only......Page 514 Natural Ventilation Guidelines......Page 515 Airtightness Ratings......Page 516 Leakage Distribution......Page 517 Multifamily Building Leakage......Page 518 Table 1 Effective Air Leakage Areas (Low-Rise Residential Applications Only)......Page 519 Fig. 11 Histogram of Infiltration Values— Low-Income Housing......Page 520 Residential Ventilation Zones......Page 521 Table 3 Continuous Exhaust Airflow Rates......Page 522 Selection Principles for Ventilation Systems......Page 523 Empirical Models......Page 524 Residential Calculation Examples......Page 525 Table 9 Basic Model Wind Coefficient Cw......Page 526 Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation......Page 527 Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors......Page 528 Fig. 14 Air Leakage Rate of Door Versus Average Crack Width......Page 529 Tracer Gas Measurements......Page 530 Multizone Air Exchange Measurement......Page 531 References......Page 532 Climatic Design Conditions......Page 537 Relationship Between Design Conditions and Previously Published Design Temperatures......Page 538 Monthly Tables......Page 539 Typical Year Data Sets......Page 540 Observational Data Sets......Page 541 Table 1A Heating and Wind Design Conditions—United States......Page 542 Table 1B Cooling and Dehumidification Design Conditions—United States......Page 543 Table 2B Cooling and Dehumidification Design Conditions—Canada......Page 559 Table 3A Heating and Wind Design Conditions—World Locations......Page 562 Table 3B Cooling and Dehumidification Design Conditions—World Locations......Page 563 Table 4A Design Wet-Bulb—Mean Coincident Dry-Bulb Temperature......Page 590 Table 4B Design Dry-Bulb—Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb Temperature......Page 591 Peak Load Computation......Page 608 Table 2 CLTD Values for Multifamily Residencesa......Page 609 Table 4 Window Glass Load Factors (GLFs) for Multifamily Residencesa......Page 610 Latent Heat Sources......Page 611 Fig. 2 Floor Plan of Single-Family Detached House......Page 612 Heating Load......Page 613 Outdoor Design Temperature......Page 614 Attic Temperature......Page 615 Fig. 3 Uninsulated Crawl Space......Page 616 Fig. 4 Heat Flow from Basement......Page 617 Basement Design Temperatures......Page 618 Calculating Infiltration Heat Loss......Page 619 Crack Length Method......Page 620 References......Page 621 CHAPTER 29......Page 622 Initial Design Considerations......Page 623 Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting......Page 624 Plenum Temperatures......Page 625 Table 2 Typical Nonincandescent Light Fixtures......Page 626 Fig. 3 Schematic Diagram of Typical Return Air Plenum......Page 627 Table 3B Typical Overload Limits with Standard Motors......Page 628 Table 4B Hooded Gas Appliance Usage Factors, Radiation Factors, and Load Factors......Page 629 Office Equipment......Page 630 Table 5 Recommended Rates of Heat Gain From Typical Commercial Cooking Appliances......Page 631 Table 10 Recommended Heat Gain from Miscellaneous Office Equipment......Page 633 Fenestration Direct Solar, Diffuse Solar, and Conductive Heat Gains......Page 634 Table 14 Solar Equations......Page 635 Surface Colors......Page 636 OUTDOOR Air Temperatures......Page 637 Data Limitations......Page 638 Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values......Page 639 Duct Heat Gain and Leakage......Page 640 Outside Face Heat Ba