"As It Is Written" and Other Citation Formulae in the Old Testament: Their Use, Development, Syntax and Significance (Beiheft Zur Zeitschrift Fur Die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft)

This volume examines the use of citation formulae in the Old Testament. After demonstrating the lack of consensus and method in the treatment of such exegetical devices, the author addresses the need for a sustained examination of citation formulae and related expressions. This inquiry focuses on the careful identification of the referents of citation bases as a basis for the study of inner-biblical exegesis. Further insights are offered on the development of such exegetical devices, the hermeneutics of the post-exilic community, and the syntax of comparative statements in Hebrew. "As It Is Written" and Other Citation Formulae in the Old Testament: Their Use, Development, Syntax, and Significance 4 Preface 6 Table of Contents 8 Abbreviations 14 1 The Present State of the Analysis of Citation Formulae in the Old Testament and a Way Forward 20 I. Introduction 20 II. The Lack of Consensus and Method in Scholarship 21 ΙII. The Significance of the Proper Reading of Citation Formulae 31 IV. The Development of a Method 33 V. Conclusion 39 2 Citation Bases with כָּתוּב 40 I. Introduction 40 II. כָּתוּב Citation Bases with Non-Legal Referents 41 A. The Regnal Source Formulae 41 1. A Categorisation of the Evidence 41 2. An Analysis of the Elements of the Regnal Source Formulae 45 a. The First Element 45 i. The Terms Used in the First Element 45 ii. The Syntax and Semantic Nature of the Nominal Phrases of the First Element 49 b. The Second Element 51 c. The Third Element 53 3. The Relation Between the First Three Elements of the Four-Part Regnal Citation Formulae 53 4. The Chr's Alteration of Certain Regnal Source Formulae 59 B. Other Citation Bases with Non-Legal Referents 68 1. Introduction 68 2. Laments 68 3. "The Book of the Just" 71 4. Genealogies 84 5. The Book of Prophecies 85 6. Official Correspondence 87 7. Court Annals 88 C. Conclusions regarding the Use of כָּתוּב with Non-Legal Referents 89 ΙII. כָּתוּב Citation Bases with Legal Referents 90 A. Relative Citation Bases with כָתוּב 90 1. Relative Participles 90 2. H. כָּתוּב in Relative Clauses 96 B. Comparative Constructions With כָּתוּב 97 1. H. כָּתוּב in a Complex Comparative Sentence 97 2. H. כָּתוּב in Prepositional Phrases Introduced with כ 98 a. Jenni's Recent Summary of the Syntax of Comparative Statements 98 b. An Overview of the Types of Syntactic Relations of כַּכָּתוּב 101 c. An Expanded Analysis of the Types of Relations of כַּכָּתוּב 107 C. מצא כָּתוּב√ Citation Bases with Legal Referents 138 IV. Conclusions regarding the Use of כָּתוּב in Citation Bases with Non-Legal and Legal Referents 140 3 Citation Bases with √צוה and מִצְוָה 143 I. Relative Citation Bases with √צוה 143 A. The Forms of the Independent Relative Citation Base with √צוה 144 1. The Participial Form 144 2. The Form √אְַשֶׁר צוה with a Finite Verb 145 B. The Forms of the Independent Citation Base Construed with Other Terms 156 1. The Participial Form 156 a. The Independent Citation Bases with כֹּל 156 b. The Independent Citation Base with את 158 2. The Finite Verb Form 158 a. The Independent Citation Base with a Negative Particle 159 b. The Independent Citation Base with כֹּל 159 c. The Independent Citation Bases with את 160 d. The Independent Citation Base with Pro-Form √עשׂה 161 3. Conclusions 161 C. Compound Citation Bases 161 1. The Most Common Compound Citation Base 161 2. Other Compound Citation Bases 167 D. Rubric - "A Distinct Literary Convention" 167 1. The Independent Rubric 168 2. Compound Rubrics 169 E. √אְַשֶׁר צוה Functioning as a Comparative Clause 170 F. Conclusions 171 Excursus: Genre 171 II. Comparative Citation Bases with √צוה and מִצְוָה 172 A. Introduction 172 B. Comparative Clauses with √צוה 172 1. The Independent Form of √כַּאְַשֶׁר צוה 173 a. Citation Bases that Qualify One Clause 173 b. Citation Bases that Qualify More Than One Clause 180 i. Citation Bases that Qualify Two Clauses 180 ii. Citation Bases that Qualify Three Clauses 183 iii. Citation Bases that Qualify Four Clauses 183 iv. A Citation Base that Qualifies Five Clauses 184 v. Citation Bases that Qualify a "Paragraph" 185 2. H. √כַּאְַשֶׁר צוה Used with Broadening Terms 188 a. √כַּאְַשֶׁר צוה and כֹּל 188 b. √כַּאְַשֶׁר צוה and the Impersonal √היה 191 c. Pro-Forms with כַּאְַשֶׁר Citation Bases 192 i. Pro-Form √עשׂה 192 ii. Pro-Form כֵּן 195 iii. Other "Pro-Forms" 199 d. Non-Recurring Forms 200 3. Compound Citation Bases 200 4. Conclusions regarding the Comparative Citation Bases Introduced with כַּאְַשֶׁר 203 C. Vergleichspräpositionalen with מִצְוָה 204 1. Introduction 204 2. The Deuteronomistic Literature 205 3. The Post-Exilic Historiography 208 a. The Citation of the מֶלֶך with כְּמִצְוָה 208 b. The Citation of Legal and Cultic Authorities with כְּמִצְוָה 211 4. Conclusions for Vergleichspräpositionalen 212 ΙII. Conclusions 213 4 Citation Bases with √שׁפט and מִשְׁפָּט 215 I. √שׁפט and מִשְׁפָּט in Relative Citation Bases 215 II. √שׁפט and מִשְׁפָּט in Comparative Citation Bases 216 A. √שׁפט and מִשְׁפָּט in Comparative Clause 216 B. מִשְׁפָּט in Vergleichspräpositionalen 216 1. Non-Legal Referents 216 a. Vergleichspräpositionalen with a Non-Legal Referent that Qualify One Clause 217 i. Independent Citation Bases 217 ii. Pro-Form √עשׁה 219 b. Vergleichspräpositionalen with a Non-Legal Referent that Qualify Two Clauses 220 c. A Vergleichspräpositionale with a Non-Legal Referent that Qualifies a Noun 222 d. Conclusions 222 2. Legal Referents 223 a. Independent Citation Bases 223 i. Vergleichspräpositionalen that Qualify One Clause 223 ii. A Vergleichspräpositionale that Qualifies Two Clauses 227 iii. A Vergleichspräpositionale that Qualifies an Infinitive Phrase 227 iv. כְּמִשְׁפָּטָם that Qualifies a Noun Phrase 228 v. The Citation Base בְּמִסְפָּר כַּמִּשְׁפָּט and Succoth 230 b. The Pro-Form √עשׂה 234 c. Compound Citation Bases 234 ΙII. Conclusions 235 5 Other Citation Bases 237 I. Introduction 237 II. Citation Bases with תּוֹרָה 237 A. The Independent Citation Base 238 B. Broadening Terms with the Independent Form 239 C. Compound Citation Bases 241 D. Conclusions 242 ΙII. Citation Bases with דָּת 243 A. Independent Citation Bases with דָּת 243 1. Citation Bases that Qualify One Clause 243 2. A Citation Base that Qualifies an Infinitive 243 3. A Citation Base that Qualifies a Noun or Nominal Phrase 244 4. A Citation Base that Qualifies a Particle 244 Β. Conclusions 244 IV. Citation Bases with חֻקָּה 245 V. Additional Citation Bases 246 VI. √אמר and √דבר and Their Nominal Cognates 248 A. √אמר and its Nominal Cognate 249 1. Relative Constructions 249 2. Comparative Citation Bases 249 a. Citation Bases in a Comparative Clause 249 b. Vergleichspräpositionale Citation Bases 250 B. √דבר and its Nominal Cognate 251 VII. Conclusions 253 6 Conclusions 255 I. The Syntax of Comparative Statements 255 II. The Use, Development, and Significance of Citation Bases 257 A. Citation Bases with Non-Legal Referents 257 B. Citation Bases with Legal Referents 260 ΙII. Previous Scholarship 271 IV. Future Research 275 V. Summary 275 Bibliography 278 Indices 296 Subjects 296 Authors 300 Biblical Texts 304 Ancient Texts 319 In this modified doctoral thesis (U. of Oxford, 1998), Spawn discusses interpretations of the relationship between citation formulae—e.g., statements of the type: "as it is written in the law," "according to the commandment of Moses"—and their legal and non-legal referents in post-exile historiography. An Old Testament passage serves to introduce the current lack of consensus on criteria used to identify such referents. He develops a primarily syntactic analysis for studying exegetical devices for citation bases, while highlighting the significance of citation bases for inner-biblical exegesis. Hebrew passages are not translated. Annotation ©2003 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR The series Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (BZAW) covers all areas of research into the Old Testament, focusing on the Hebrew Bible, its early and later forms in Ancient Judaism, as well as its branching into many neighboring cultures of the Ancient Near East and the Greco-Roman world. BZAW welcomes submissions that make an original and significant contribution to the field; demonstrate sophisticated engagement with the relevant secondary literature; and are written in readable, logical, and engaging prose. In recent scholarship, the use of the law in the post-exilic community of Judah has received various treatments.