هنر نیاکان: الگوهای فضایی و زمانی در هنر صخره‌ای سقف ناوارلا گابارنمانگ، سرزمین آرنهام، استرالیا

This volume presents a new systematic approach to the archaeological recording and documentation of rock art developed to analyse the spatial and temporal structure of complex rock art panels. Focusing on the ceiling art at Nawarla Gabarnmang, one of the richest rock art sites in Arnhem Land the approach utilised DStretch-enhanced photographs to record 1391 motifs from 42 separate art panels across the ceiling. Harris Matrices were then built to show the sequence of superimpositions for each art panel. Using common attributes, including features identified by Morellian Method (a Fine Art method not previously employed in archaeological rock art studies), contemporaneous motifs within panels were then aggregated into individual layers. The art layers of the various panels were then inter-related using the relative and absolute chronological evidence to produce a full relative sequence for the site as a whole. This provided a story of the art that began some 13,000 years ago and concluded around 60 years ago, with a major change identified in the art some 450 years ago. The method was shown to be invaluable to the resolution of many difficult issues associated with the identification of motifs, their superimpositions and the development of art sequences. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. JAWOYN LANDS: PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3. JAWOYN PEOPLE, CULTURE AND COUNTRY 4. ARNHEM LAND ARCHAEOLOGY 5. RESEARCH METHODS 6. NAWARLA GABARNMANG AND ITS ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT 7. THE CEILING GALLERY 8. LAYERS OF TIME 9. ART IN TIME AND SPACE 10. INTERPRETING JAWOYN ROCK ART 11. A STORY OF ART REFERENCES APPENDIX 1: Nawarla Gabarnmang motif list including Panel Art Phase and Site Art Assemblage Art of the Ancestors Title Page Copyright info Contents Acknowledgements Additional Credits 1. INTRODUCTION Aim Rock art documentation Making a record Rock art appreciation 2. JAWOYN LANDS: PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Rock shelter development Rock shelter clusters and archaeological site complexes Climate Soils Vegetation Fauna Palaeoenvironment and landscape evolution in western Arnhem Land Summary 3. JAWOYN PEOPLE, CULTUREAND COUNTRY Jawoyn religion Jawoyn land use Impacts of European incursions The persistence of Jawoyn Culture Jawoyn Rock Art and Heritage Project (JRAHP) Summary 4. ARNHEM LAND ARCHAEOLOGY Northern Jawoyn Lands – western region Northern Jawoyn Lands – plateau region Southern Jawoyn Lands – the southern region The Rock Art of north-western Arnhem Land Western Arnhem Land Jawoyn Rock Art Bulajang Nitmiluk National Park Wuratjluk The Jawoyn Rock Art and Heritage project Connecting Country: the Jawoyn Homeland Project Summary 5. RESEARCH METHODS The Harris Matrix in rock art studies The Morellian Method The Data The Jawoyn Database Nawarla Gabarnmang field recording Recording the artwork Post-fieldwork photographic enhancement and tracing Attributes of the rock art The Interpretations 6. NAWARLA GABARNMANG AND ITS ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT The regional context Art shelters Artwork Standing stones Other arranged stone sites Burials Grinding patches Summary 7. THE CEILING GALLERY Panel A1 Panel A2 Panel A3 Panel A4 Panel A5 Panel A6 Panel A7 Panel B1 Panel B2 Panel C1 Panel C2 Panel C3 Panel D Panel E1 Panel E2 Panel E3 Panel E4 Panel E5 Panel F1 Panel F2 Panel F3 Panel F4 Panel F5 Panel G Panel H Panel J1 Panel J2 Panel J3 Panel J4 Panel J5 Panel K1 Panel K2 Panel K3 Panel K4 Panel K5 Panel K6 Panel L Panel M1 Panel M2 Panel M3 Panel M4 Panel N 8. LAYERS OF TIME Group A motif sequences Panel A1 Panel A2 Panel A3 Panel A4 Panel A5 Panel A6 Panel A7 Group B motif sequences Panel B1 Panel B2 Group C motif sequences Panel C1 Panel C2 Panel C3 Group D motif sequences Panel D Group E motif sequences Panel E1 Panel E2 Panel E3 Panel E4 Panel E5 Group F motif sequences Panel F1 Panel F2 Panel F3 Panel F4 Panel F5 Group G motif sequences Panel G Group H motif sequences Panel H Group J motif sequences Panel J1 Panel J2 Panel J3 Panel J4 Panel J5 Group K motif sequences Panel K1 Panel K2 Panel K3 Panel K4 Panel K5 Panel K6 Group L motif sequences Panel L Group M motif sequences Panel M1 Panel M2 Panel M3 Panel M4 Group N motif sequences Panel N Summary 9. ART IN TIME AND SPACE Chronological correlations by dated beeswax Motif correlations by style Motif correlations by multiple attributes Motif threads and sequences Art Assemblages Art Assemblage 1 Art Assemblage 2 Art Assemblage 3 Art Assemblage 4 Art Assemblage 5 Art Assemblage 6 Art Assemblage 7 Chronological indicators for the rock art Roof fall Dated wasp nests Dated beeswax Excavated pigments Horse Jabiru Thylacines and dingoes Ethnography Sorcery Age and Art Assemblages Art Assemblage 1 Art Assemblage 2 Art Assemblage 3 Art Assemblage 4 Art Assemblage 5 Art Assemblage 6 Art Assemblage 7 Changes over time Condition Technique Colour Motif Form Motif Classes Motif Types Motif Sizes Panel J1 polychrome motifs Variations across space Distribution of select Motif Types Hand stencils Jawoyn Lady motifs Northern X-ray fish Macropod motifs Individual artists Summary 10. INTERPRETING JAWOYN ROCK ART Motif interpretations Interpretations of colour Interpreting the art at Nawarla Gabarnmang 11. A STORY of ART Jawoyn Bim Reasons for change Dating the stories Non-figurative motifs Chronological revisions for Arnhem Land rock art A story in art Conclusion References APPENDIX 1: Nawarla Gabarnmang motif list including Panel Art Phase and Site Art Assemblage This volume, focusing on the ceiling art at Nawarla Gabarnmang, one of the richest rock art sites in Arnhem Land (in Australia's Northern Territory), presents a new systematic approach to the archaeological recording and documentation of rock art developed to analyse the spatial and temporal structure of complex rock art panels.