Art and the Challenge of Markets Volume 1: National Cultural Politics and the Challenges of Marketization and Globalization (Sociology of the Arts)

__Art and the Challenge of Markets Volumes__ __1 & 2__ examine the politics of art and culture in light of the profound changes that have taken place in the world order since the 1980s and 1990s. The contributors explore how in these two decades, the neoliberal or market-based model of capitalism started to spread from the economic realm to other areas of society. As a result, many aspects of contemporary Western societies increasingly function in the same way as the private enterprise sector under traditional market capitalism. The first volume of this two-volume collection considers a broad range of national cultural policies from European and North American countries, and examines the strengthening of international and transnational art worlds in music, visual arts, film, and television. The chapters cover cultural policy and political culture in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Switzerland, the Nordic countries, the Balkans, and Slovenia, and address the extent to which Western nations have shifted from welfare-state to market-based ideologies. Tensions between centres and peripheries in global art worlds are considered, as well as complex interactions between nations and international and transnational art worlds, and regional variations in the audiovisual market. Both volumes provide students and scholars across a range of disciplines with an incisive, comparative overview of the politics of art and culture and national, international and transnational art worlds in contemporary capitalism. Preface 7 Acknowledgments 10 Contents 12 List of Contributors 15 List of Figures 17 List of Tables 18 Part 1: Introduction 20 1: Varieties of National Cultural Politics and Art Worlds in an Era of Increasing Marketization and Globalization 21 Introduction 21 National Societies and World Society 25 Varieties of Contemporary Capitalism 27 Varieties of Contemporary National Cultural Politics and Art Worlds 34 The Competitive State and Its Cultural Politics 37 Creative Economy or Creative Industries 45 The Structure of This Volume 48 References 54 Part 2: Contemporary National Cultural Policies and Art Worlds in North America and Europe 58 2: The United States of Art: A Case Apart? 59 Introduction 59 The Temptation of Privatization à L’Américaine 63 The Reluctant Patron: America’s Troubled Relationship with the Arts 66 Achievements and Shortfalls 74 Concluding Discussion 75 References 79 3: Enterprise Culture and the Arts: Neoliberal Values and British Art Institutions 82 Introduction 82 The Field of Cultural Production 85 Backstory 86 The Change 87 Enterprise Culture 88 New Labour, Plus ça change 89 Coalition Government 92 Problems with Philanthropy 95 Arts Councils in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland 96 No Such Thing as a Free Lunch 100 Conclusion 101 Afterword: The Commercial Art World in London and the United Kingdom 101 References 104 4: The Economization of the Arts and Culture Sector in Germany After 1945 109 Historical Background 109 The Cultural Reform Policies of the 1960s and 1970s 113 The 1980s and 1990s: The Convergence of Culture and Economy 114 The Present Situation: The High Debt Level of the Public Authorities and Calls for Cuts 119 The Economization of the German Artistic Field 122 German Discourse on Cultural Education 124 Conclusion and Outlook 126 References 133 5: The Changing Role of the Cultural State: Art Worlds and New Markets—A Comparison of France and Switzerland 139 Introduction 139 The Cultural Institution and the State 141 From Cultural Policy to Public Policies of Culture in France 141 Policies Between Swiss “Laissez Faire” and “Cultural Diversity” 144 The Dynamics of Change 148 Demography, Individualism, Identities: The Contrasting Effects of Globalization 149 Culture in the Age of Its Digital Reproduction 152 The National Cultural Footprint in Globalization 154 French Perspective: Cultural Policies for a Creative Society 155 Swiss Perspectives: Increased Commitment of the State and Creative Economy 157 Conclusion: New Markets Between Threat and Opportunity 159 References 164 6: Renegotiating Cultural Welfare: The Adoption of Neoliberal Trends in Finnish Cultural Policy and How It Fits the Nordic Model of a Welfare State 168 Introduction 168 Culture as a Policy Instrument of Nordic Welfare States 171 The Formation of the Welfare-Based Cultural Policy in Finland 175 Renegotiation of Cultural Welfare 180 New Content for Cultural Welfare 181 Nordic States in Comparison 185 Diversity Among the Artists 187 Concluding Remarks 190 References 192 7: Cultural Policies in the Baltic States and Slovenia Between 1991 and 2009 195 Introduction 195 The Historical Impact of the Socialist Cultural Policy: Similarities and Differences at the Starting Point of the Transition for the Baltic States and Slovenia 198 The Historical Impact of the Soviet Cultural Policy in the Baltic States 198 The Slovenian Special Experience of Socialism 202 What Kind of Political–Economic Discourses Prevailed in Europe When the Baltic States and Slovenia Started to Restore and Establish Their Nation-States 205 Nation-Building Within Liberal Capitalism in the Baltic States 207 Coordinated Welfare Capitalism in Slovenia 208 Major Changes in Cultural Policies Since the Early 1990s 209 The Changing Role of the State in Culture 209 The Main Objectives of the Cultural Policies After Joining the EU 214 Summarizing the Changes 218 References 223 Part 3: International and Transnational Art Worlds and Their Ways of Operation 228 8: Globalization and Musical Hierarchy in the United States, France, Germany, and the Netherlands 229 Introduction 229 Music and Globalization 231 Cultural Imperialism 231 Cultural Imperialism Reconsidered 235 Data and Methods 238 Results 240 Classical Music 240 Popular Music 244 Discussion 248 Appendix 1: Additional Information About Coding of Newspaper Articles 252 References 253 9: The Uneven Distribution of International Success in the Visual Artists Among Nations, According to the Rankings of the ‘Top 100 Artists in the World’ 259 Objectivizing Visibility or Talent Through Rankings 260 The Kunstkompass and the Capital Kunstmarkt Kompass Based on the Artfacts Data Ranking: A Brief Presentation of the Indicators and Their Methodologies 264 Rankings and the Impact of the Nationality of Artists on Fame and Consecration 267 Introducing the Country of Residence Versus Nationality: The Persistent Importance of Territory 275 Conclusion 281 Appendix 1: Table of the Country Abbreviations Used in the Ranking Lists 282 References 283 Research Material 283 Research Literature 283 10: Beyond Reproduction: Asymmetrical Interdependencies and the Transformation of Centers and Peripheries in the Globalizing Visual Arts 286 The Multidimensionality of Center–Periphery Inequalities 288 The Duality of Transformations 293 Asymmetric Interdependencies and the Globalization of Strategies 303 Conclusion 307 References 311 11: “It’s a Mad Mad Mad Mad (Men) World”: National and Corporate Strategies in the Global Audiovisual Market 314 Theorizing the Global Audiovisual Market 315 Governmental Strategies 317 International Trade Agreements 317 Protectionism 319 International Alliances 322 Extending Market Exposure 323 Additional Corporate Strategies: Form and Content 324 The Impact of New Technologies and Competing Outlets 327 Conclusion 329 References 330 Part 4: Conclusion 334 12: Reflections on the Challenge of Markets in National, International, and Transnational Art Worlds 335 Contemporary National Art Worlds 336 International or Transnational Art Worlds 343 Conclusion 346 References 347 Index 348 Front Matter ....Pages i-xxii Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Varieties of National Cultural Politics and Art Worlds in an Era of Increasing Marketization and Globalization (Erkki Sevänen, Simo Häyrynen)....Pages 3-39 Front Matter ....Pages 41-41 The United States of Art: A Case Apart? (Vera L. Zolberg)....Pages 43-65 Enterprise Culture and the Arts: Neoliberal Values and British Art Institutions (Victoria D. Alexander)....Pages 67-93 The Economization of the Arts and Culture Sector in Germany After 1945 (Nina Zahner)....Pages 95-124 The Changing Role of the Cultural State: Art Worlds and New Markets—A Comparison of France and Switzerland (Olivier Thévenin, Olivier Moeschler)....Pages 125-153 Renegotiating Cultural Welfare: The Adoption of Neoliberal Trends in Finnish Cultural Policy and How It Fits the Nordic Model of a Welfare State (Simo Häyrynen)....Pages 155-181 Cultural Policies in the Baltic States and Slovenia Between 1991 and 2009 (Egge Kulbok-Lattik, Vesna Čopič)....Pages 183-215 Front Matter ....Pages 217-217 Globalization and Musical Hierarchy in the United States, France, Germany, and the Netherlands (Vaughn Schmutz, Timothy J. Dowd)....Pages 219-248 The Uneven Distribution of International Success in the Visual Artists Among Nations, According to the Rankings of the ‘Top 100 Artists in the World’ (Alain Quemin)....Pages 249-275 Beyond Reproduction: Asymmetrical Interdependencies and the Transformation of Centers and Peripheries in the Globalizing Visual Arts (Larissa Buchholz)....Pages 277-304 “It’s a Mad Mad Mad Mad (Men) World”: National and Corporate Strategies in the Global Audiovisual Market (Diane Barthel-Bouchier)....Pages 305-324 Front Matter ....Pages 325-325 Reflections on the Challenge of Markets in National, International, and Transnational Art Worlds (Victoria D. Alexander, Samuli Hägg)....Pages 327-339 Back Matter ....Pages 341-348 Art and the Challenge of Markets Volumes 1 & 2' examine the politics of art and culture in light of the profound changes that have taken place in the world order since the 1980s and 1990s. The contributors explore how in these two decades, the neoliberal or market-based model of capitalism started to spread from the economic realm to other areas of society. As a result, many aspects of contemporary Western societies increasingly function in the same way as the private enterprise sector under traditional market capitalism.0The first volume of this two-volume collection considers a broad range of national cultural policies from European and North American countries, and examines the strengthening of international and transnational art worlds in music, visual arts, film, and television. 0