Archives of Empire: Volume 2. The Scramble for Africa (Archives of Empire)

A rich collection of primary materials, the multivolume __Archives of Empire__ provides a documentary history of nineteenth-century British imperialism from the Indian subcontinent to the Suez Canal to southernmost Africa. Barbara Harlow and Mia Carter have carefully selected a diverse range of texts that track the debates over imperialism in the ranks of the military, the corridors of political power, the lobbies of missionary organizations, the halls of royal geographic and ethnographic societies, the boardrooms of trading companies, the editorial offices of major newspapers, and far-flung parts of the empire itself. Focusing on a particular region and historical period, each volume in __Archives of Empire__ is organized into sections preceded by brief introductions. Documents including mercantile company charters, parliamentary records, explorers’ accounts, and political cartoons are complemented by timelines, maps, and bibligraphies. Unique resources for teachers and students, these volumes reveal the complexities of nineteenth-century colonialism and emphasize its enduring relevance to the “global markets” of the twenty-first century.While focusing on the expansion of the British Empire, __The Scramble for Africa__ illuminates the intense nineteenth-century contest among European nations over Africa’s land, people, and resources. Highlighting the 1885 Berlin Conference in which Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, and Italy partitioned Africa among themselves, this collection follows British conflicts with other nations over different regions as well as its eventual challenge to Leopold of Belgium’s rule of the Congo. The reports, speeches, treatises, proclamations, letters, and cartoons assembled here include works by Henry M. Stanley, David Livingstone, Joseph Conrad, G. W. F. Hegel, Winston Churchill, Charles Darwin, and Arthur Conan Doyle. A number of pieces highlight the proliferation of companies chartered to pursue Africa’s gold, diamonds, and oil—particularly Cecil J. Rhodes’s British South Africa Company and Frederick Lugard’s Royal Niger Company. Other documents describe debacles on the continent—such as the defeat of General Gordon in Khartoum and the Anglo-Boer War—and the criticism of imperial maneuvers by proto-human rights activists including George Washington Williams, Mark Twain, Olive Schreiner, and E.D. Morel. CONTENTS 8 Acknowledgments 16 General Introduction: Readings in Imperialism and Orientalism 18 Volume Introduction: The Scramble for Africa 24 I . THE BERLIN CONFERENCE 1885: MAKING/MAPPING HISTORY 34 Introduction: The Scramble for Africa: From the Conference at Berlin to the Incident at Fashoda 36 Chronology of Events 39 Africa in 1886: The Scramble Half Complete [map] 40 Africa after the Scramble, 1912 [map] 41 Africa 1898, with Charter Companies [map] 42 Joseph Conrad, Excerpts from Heart of Darkness (1898/99) 43 G. W. F. Hegel, ‘‘Africa’’ (1822) 44 General Act of the Conference of Berlin (1885) 51 ‘‘The Black Baby’’ (1894) [illustration] 52 Arthur Berriedale Keith, ‘‘International Rivalry and the Berlin Conference’’ (1919) 70 ‘‘The ‘Irrepressible’ Tourist’’ (1885) [illustration] 82 Hilaire Belloc, Excerpt from ‘‘The Modern Traveller’’(1898) 83 Winston Churchill, ‘‘The Fashoda Incident’’ (1899) 88 Lord Alfred Milner, ‘‘Geography and Statecraft’’(1907) 99 ‘‘Marchez! Marchand!’’ (1898) [illustration] 100 Dr. Wilhelm Junker, Excerpt from Travels in Africa during the Years 1882–1886, with etching (1892) 102 ‘‘Africa Shared Out’’ (1899) [editorial with cartoon] 104 II . THE BODYPOLITIC: RATIONALIZING RACE 106 Introduction: The Body Politic: Rationalizing Race 108 Slaves 114 William Wilberforce, ‘‘The African Slave Trade’’(1789) 116 William Pitt the Younger, ‘‘William Pitt the Younger Indicts the Slave Trade and Forsees a Liberated Africa’’ (1792) 123 Thomas Carlyle, ‘‘The Nigger Question’’ (1849) 131 Charles Dickens, ‘‘The Noble Savage’’ (1853) [with classified advertisement from the Illustrated London News] 157 Species 164 Count Joseph Arthur Gobineau, ‘‘Moral and Intellectual Characteristics of the Three Great Varieties’’ (1856) 166 Charles Darwin, ‘‘Struggle for Existence’’ (1871) 176 Charles Darwin, ‘‘On the Formation of the Races of Man’’ (1871) 183 Digain Williams, Excerpt from ‘‘Darwin’’ (1922) 190 James W. Redfield, ‘‘Comparative Physiognomy’’ (1852) 192 Ernest Renan, Excerpts from The Future of Science (1893) 201 Self-Governance 210 Walter Bagehot, ‘‘Nation-Making’’ (1869) 212 Herbert Spencer, ‘‘The Primitive Man—Intellectual’’ (1906) 218 Benjamin Kidd, ‘‘The Principles of the Relations of Our Civilization to the Tropics’’ (1898) 231 Dudley Kidd, Excerpts from Kafir Socialism (1908) 245 Rudyard Kipling, ‘‘How the Leopard Got His Spots’’ (1902) 255 III . THE POLITICAL CORPS 262 The Mission 264 Introduction: The Mission: Christianity, Civilization, and Commerce 266 William Booth, Salvation Army Songs (n.d.) 270 David Livingstone, Dr. Livingstone’s Cambridge Lectures (1858) 276 Henry M. Stanley, Excerpts from How I Found Livingstone (1872) 301 Livingstone’s Journeys, 1841–1856 [map] 302 M. B. Synge, ‘‘Preparing the Empire: Livingstone and Stanley in Central Africa’’ (1908) 323 Elizabeth Rundle Charles (?), ‘‘In Memory of Dr. Livingstone’’ (1874) 327 Sir Bartle Frere, ‘‘Dr. Livingstone’’ (1874) 329 Count Joseph Arthur Gobineau, ‘‘Influence of Christianity upon Moral and Intellectual Diversity ofRaces’’ (1856) 342 Matthew Arnold, ‘‘The Bishop and the Philosopher’’(1863) 351 International Emigration Office, Excerpts from The Surplus (1909) 373 Excerpts from The Salvation Army British Empire Exhibition Handbook (1924) 381 The Administration: Lugard and the Royal Niger Company 388 Introduction: Inheritors of Empire, Agents of Change: Lord Lugard and Mary Kingsley 390 ‘‘Royal Charter Granted to the National African Company, later called the Royal Niger Company’’(1884) 395 George Taubman Goldie and Frederick Lugard, Selected Correspondence: The Royal Niger Company(1894) 403 Frederick Lugard, Excerpts from The Diaries of Lord Lugard: Nigeria (1894–1895, 1898) 411 Frederick Lugard, ‘‘Duties of Political Officers and Miscellaneous Subjects’’ (1913–1918) 425 Frederick Lugard, Excerpts from The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922) 440 Mary Kingsley, ‘‘The Clash of Cultures’’ (1901) 462 Mary Kingsley, ‘‘A Letter to the Editor of ‘The New Africa’ ’’ (n.d.) 480 Flora L. Shaw (Lady Lugard), Excerpts from A Tropical Dependency (1905) 483 The Administration: Cecil J. Rhodes and the British South Africa Company 496 Introduction: Cecil J. Rhodes: Colossus or Caricature? 498 Olive Schreiner, Excerpt from Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland (1897) 501 ‘‘The Rhodes Colossus’’ (1892) [illustration] 503 ‘‘My Career Is Only Beginning!’’ (1896) [illustration] 504 ‘‘South Africa before and after Cecil Rhodes’’ (1896) [map] 506 H. Rider Haggard, ‘‘We Abandon Hope’’ (1885) 507 John Buchan, ‘‘My Uncle’s Gift Is Many Times Multiplied’’ (1910) 515 Cecil John Rhodes, Excerpts from The Speeches of Cecil Rhodes 1881–1900 (1900) 519 Lord Randolph S. Churchill, Excerpts from Men, Mines, and Animals in South Africa (1895) 552 Dr. L. S. Jameson. ‘‘Personal Reminiscences of Mr. Rhodes’’ (1897) 554 ‘‘The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes’’(1902) 561 Rudyard Kipling, ‘‘The Burial’’ (1902) 583 IV. CRISES OF EMPIRE 586 Gordon at Khartoum 588 Introduction: Gordon at Khartoum: From Cavil to Catastrophe 589 Chronology of Events 592 Charles G. Gordon, Excerpts from The Journals of Major-General C. B. Gordon, G. B. at Kartoum(1885) 592 ‘‘At Last!’’ (1885) [illustration] 595 ‘‘Too Late!’’ (1885) [illustration] 596 Queen Victoria, Letters to Mary Gordon (1890) 601 Lytton Strachey, ‘‘The End of General Gordon’’ (1918) 603 Lord Cromer (Evelyn Baring), ‘‘Relief Expedition’’ (1908) 606 Wilfred S. Blunt, Excerpts from Gordon at Khartoum (1911) 614 Randolph H. S. Churchill, ‘‘The Desertion of General Gordon’’ (1884) 619 Lord Wolseley, Excerpt from In Relief of Gordon (1885) 623 Rudolf C. Slatin Pasha, Excerpt from Fire and Sword in the Sudan (1896) 625 Major F. R. Wingate, ‘‘The Siege and Fall of Khartum’’(1892) 626 John Buchan, ‘‘Act the Fifth: The End’’ (1934) 639 Rudyard Kipling, ‘‘Fuzzy-Wuzzy’’ (1898) 645 The Graphic, Christmas Number, 1887 647 ‘‘Gordon’s Dream—The Martyr-Hero of Khartoum’’(1887) [illustration] 648 The Anglo-Boer War 650 Introduction: The Boer War: Accusations and Apologias 652 ‘‘Across the Dark Continent’’ (1899) [illustration] 659 Olive Schreiner, Excerpt from An English–South African’s View of the Situation (1899) 658 H. Rider Haggard, Excerpt from A History of the Transvaal (1900) 667 J. A. Hobson, ‘‘Political Position in Cape Colony’’(1900) 670 Rudyard Kipling, ‘‘The Absent-Minded Beggar’’(1899) 674 E. J. Hardy, ‘‘Mr Thomas Atkins’’ (1900) 676 ‘‘Relief of Kimberley’’ (1900) [reproduction] 682 Emily Hobhouse, Excerpt from Report of a Visit to the Camps of Women and Children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies (1901) 688 Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Excerpt from What I Remember (1924) 694 Winston Churchill, ‘‘Prisoners of War’’ (1900) 702 Methods of Barbarism 706 W. T. Stead, ‘‘Suggestions for a New Departure’’(1900) 708 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, ‘‘Further Charges against British Troops’’ (1902) 719 Excerpt from Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 29 July 1899 728 Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902 729 The Congo 732 Introduction: The Congo: Abominations and Denunciations 734 Anonymous, ‘‘The Congo State’’ (1902) 738 Roger Casement, ‘‘The Congo Report’’ (1903) 738 Roger Casement, ‘‘The 1903 Diary’’ (1903) 750 Joseph Conrad, An Open Letter to Roger Casement (1903) 762 E. D. Morel, ‘‘Native Life under Congo State Rule’’(1904) 764 E. D. Morel, Excerpts from History of the Congo Reform Movement (1910–1914) 780 George Washington Williams, ‘‘An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II’’ (1890) 793 Mark Twain, ‘‘King Leopold’s Soliloquy’’ (1905) 804 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Excerpts from The Crime of the Congo (1909) 823 ‘‘The Guilt of Delay’’ (1909) [illustration] 838 A rich collection of primary materials, the multivolume Archives of Empire provides a documentary history of nineteenth-century British imperialism from the Indian subcontinent to the Suez Canal to southernmost Africa. Barbara Harlow and Mia Carter have carefully selected a diverse range of texts that track the debates over imperialism in the ranks of the military, the corridors of political power, the lobbies of missionary organizations, the halls of royal geographic and ethnographic societies, the boardrooms of trading companies, the editorial offices of major newspapers, and far-flung parts of the empire itself. Focusing on a particular region and historical period, each volume in Archives of Empire is organized into sections preceded by brief introductions. Documents including mercantile company charters, parliamentary records, explorers’ accounts, and political cartoons are complemented by timelines, maps, and bibligraphies. Unique resources for teachers and students, these volumes reveal the complexities of nineteenth-century colonialism and emphasize its enduring relevance to the “global markets” of the twenty-first century. While focusing on the expansion of the British Empire, The Scramble for Africa illuminates the intense nineteenth-century contest among European nations over Africa’s land, people, and resources. Highlighting the 1885 Berlin Conference in which Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, and Italy partitioned Africa among themselves, this collection follows British conflicts with other nations over different regions as well as its eventual challenge to Leopold of Belgium’s rule of the Congo. The reports, speeches, treatises, proclamations, letters, and cartoons assembled here include works by Henry M. Stanley, David Livingstone, Joseph Conrad, G. W. F. Hegel, Winston Churchill, Charles Darwin, and Arthur Conan Doyle. A number of pieces highlight the proliferation of companies chartered to pursue Africa’s gold, diamonds, and oil—particularly Cecil J. Rhodes’s British South Africa Company and Frederick Lugard’s Royal Niger Company. Other documents describe debacles on the continent—such as the defeat of General Gordon in Khartoum and the Anglo-Boer War—and the criticism of imperial maneuvers by proto-human rights activists including George Washington Williams, Mark Twain, Olive Schreiner, and E.D. Morel. A rich collection of primary materials, the multivolume Archives of Empire provides a documentary history of nineteenth-century British imperialism. Barbara Harlow and Mia Carter have carefully selected a diverse range of texts that track the debates over imperialism in the ranks of the military, the corridors of political power, the lobbies of missionary organizations, the halls of royal geographic and ethnographic societies, the boardrooms of trading companies, the editorial offices of major newspapers, and farflung parts of the empire itself. Focusing on a particular region and historical period, each volume reveals the complexities of nineteenth-century colonialism and emphasizes its enduring relevance to the "global markets" of the twenty-first century.This volume, From the East India Company to the Suez Canal, traces the beginnings of the British colonial enterprise in South Asia and the Middle East. It includes key texts from the era of the privately owned British East India Company through the crises that led to the company's takeover by the Crown in 1858 to the momentous opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Government proclamations, military reports, and newspaper articles appear here alongside pieces by Rudyard Kipling, Charles Dickens, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Benjamin Disraeli, and many others. A number of documents chronicle arguments between mercantilists and free trade advocates over the competing interests of the nation and the East India Company. Others provide accounts of imperial crises -- including the trial of Warren Hastings, the Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny), and the Arabi Uprising -- that highlight the human, political, and economic costs of imperial domination and control. MARLOW WAS MEETING with representatives of the Company in Brussels, engaging to pursue their enterprises in Africa, when he observed the colors of that map, colors that had redesigned the map's "blank space," which had been identified by his author in his own childhood.