Archives in the Digital Age : Preservation and the Right to Be Forgotten

Archiving has become an increasingly complex process. The challenge is no longer how to store the data but how to store it intelligently, in order to exploit it over time, while maintaining its integrity and authenticity. Digital technologies bring about major transformations, not only in terms of the types of documents that are transferred to and stored in archives, in the behaviors and practices of the humanities and social sciences (digital humanities), but also in terms of the volume of data and the technological capacity for managing and preserving archives (Big Data). Archives in The Digital Age focuses on the impact of these various digital transformations on archives, and examines how the right to memory and the information of future generations is confronted with the right to be forgotten; a digital prerogative that guarantees individuals their private lives and freedoms. Cover 1 Half-Title Page 3 Title Page 5 Copyright Page 6 Contents 7 Preface 11 Introduction 13 1 Digital Archives: Elements of Definition 19 1.1. Key concepts of digital archives 19 1.1.1. Archives 19 1.1.2. Archive management 20 1.1.3. Archival management tools 22 1.1.4. Digital archives 25 1.2. Electronic Records Management of definition 25 1.2.1. ERM: elements 25 1.2.2. ERM: implementation steps 28 1.3. Records management 36 1.3.1. Structure of standard 15489 37 1.3.2. Content of the standard 38 1.3.3. Design and implementation of an RM project according to the standard 40 1.3.4. MoReq: the added value of RM 43 1.4. EDRMS: merging ERM and RM 44 1.5. ECM: the overall data management strategy 45 1.6. Conclusion 48 2 Digital Archiving: Methods and Strategies 49 2.1. Introduction 49 2.2. Digital archiving: elements of definition 49 2.3. Digital archiving: the essential standards 52 2.3.1. NF Z 42-013/ISO 14641 standard 54 2.3.2. NF 461: electronic archiving system 56 2.3.3. OAIS (ISO 14721): Open Archival Information System 57 2.3.4. ISO 19905 (PDF/A) 60 2.3.5. ISO 30300, ISO 30301 and ISO 30302 series of standards 62 2.3.6. ISO 23081 62 2.4. Methodology for setting up a digital archiving process 64 2.4.1. Qualifying and classifying information 64 2.4.2. Classification scheme 65 2.4.3. Retention schedule or retention standard 69 2.4.4. Metadata 70 2.4.5. Archiving processes and procedures 73 2.5. Archiving of audiovisual documents 76 2.5.1. Definition of audiovisual archives 76 2.5.2. Treatment of audiovisual archives 78 2.5.3. Migration of audiovisual documents 80 2.5.4. Digital archiving of audiovisual documents 81 2.6. Email archiving 83 2.6.1. Email archiving and legislation 84 2.6.2. Why archive emails? 85 2.7. Conclusion 87 3 Archives in the Age of Digital Humanities 89 3.1. Introduction 89 3.2. History of the digital humanities 90 3.2.1. “Literary and Linguistic Computing”: 1940–1980 90 3.2.2. “Humanities computing”: 1980–1994 92 3.2.3. “Digital humanities”: since 1994 95 3.3. Definitions of the digital humanities 96 3.4. Archives in the age of the digital humanities 98 3.4.1. Digital archive platforms 99 3.4.2. Software managing digital archives 102 3.4.3. Digital humanities at the heart of long-term preservation 107 3.4.4. Digital humanities and the liberation of the humanities: access and accessibility 125 3.5. Conclusion 130 4 Digital Archiving and Big Data 131 4.1. Introduction 131 4.2. Definition of Big Data 133 4.3. Big Data issues 137 4.4. Big Data: challenges and areas of application 138 4.5. Data archiving in the age of Big Data 140 4.5.1. Management and archiving of Big Data 140 4.5.2. Big Data technologies and tools 143 4.5.3. Blockchain, the future of digital archiving of Big Data 155 4.6. Conclusion 165 5 Preservation of Archives versus the Right to be Forgotten 167 5.1. Introduction 167 5.2. Forgetting 168 5.3. The right to be forgotten 168 5.3.1. Limits to the right to be forgotten 168 5.3.2. European Directive on the protection of personal data 169 5.3.3. General Data Protection Regulation 171 5.3.4. The right to dereferencing: common criteria 174 5.4. Effectiveness of the right to be forgotten 174 5.4.1. Technical challenge of the effectiveness of the right to be forgotten 175 5.4.2. Legal challenge of the effectiveness of the right to be forgotten 178 5.5. The right to digital oblivion: a controversial subject 181 5.6. Public archives versus the right to be forgotten 183 5.6.1. Archives: exemptions from the right to be forgotten 185 5.6.2. Online publication of archives and finding aids containing personal data 186 5.6.3. Private digital archives and the right to be forgotten 189 5.6.4. Web archiving and the right to be forgotten 190 5.7. Google and the right to be forgotten 191 5.8. Conclusion 196 Conclusion 199 List of Acronyms 203 References 211 Index 225 Other titles from iSTE in Information Systems, Web and Pervasive Computing 229 EULA 241