Archaeology of Inequality, The: Tracing the Archaeological Record (SUNY series, The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series)

Contents 6 Illustrations 10 Chapter One Archaeological Perspectives on Inequality 16 The Process of Differentiation: From Natural Differences to Social Stratification 18 Household, Gender, Age, and the Body 21 The Unequal Death 23 Economy and Subordination 26 Inequality and Spatial Relations 27 Artifacts and Inequality 29 Conclusion 30 Acknowledgments 30 Note 31 References 31 Part I Pathways of Early Social Inequality 34 Chapter Two The Emergence of Social Inequality in Prehistory 36 Introduction 36 Equality 37 Recent Considerations 39 Surplus 39 Wealth 40 Feasting 40 Prestige Technologies 40 Corporate and Network Strategies 40 Chaos 41 Visibility 41 Origins of Agriculture and Inequality 42 Conclusion 44 References 45 Chapter Three Transegalitarian Societies on the American Northwest Plateau: Social Dynamics and Cultural/Technological Changes 50 Definitions of Inequality and Complexity 51 The Mid-Fraser Large Villages 53 Necessity versus the Promotion of Self-Interests 53 The Synchronic Approach 53 The Diachronic Approach 54 Burials 57 House Construction 57 Prestige Goods 58 Site Location 59 Control of Resources 59 Discussion and Conclusion 60 Acknowledgments 63 References 63 Chapter Four The Emergence of Social Inequality in Southeastern Europe: A Long-Term Perspective 66 Success Stories and “False Starts” 67 Multiple Scales of Analysis 69 Interaction, Integration, and Diffusion 70 The Long-Term Perspective 70 Conclusion 72 Acknowledgments 73 References 73 Chapter Five Long-Term Trends in Social Organization and Inequality in the Late Prehistoric Eurasian Steppes 76 Introduction 76 Recent Approaches to Inequality in the Past 78 Social Organization and Inequality: A Case Study from the Urals 80 The Early Iron Age 84 Conclusion 87 Acknowledgments 88 References 88 Chapter Six The Unequal Dead: Bronze and Iron Age Evidence from Veneto and Trentino–South Tyrol 94 Introduction 95 Background and Results of Phase 1 96 Phase 2: Trentino-South Tyrol 100 Discussion and Conclusion 102 Acknowledgments 103 References 103 Chapter Seven Inequality during the Iron Age in France. Tracing the Archaeological Record 106 Introduction 107 Brief History of Ideas on the Evolution of Inequality 107 New Perspectives on the Evolution of Inequality 110 The Growth Processes of Inequality 112 800–730 BC (Gündlingen level) and 730–625 BC (Hallstatt C) 114 628–460 BC (Hallstatt D) 115 460–325 BC (La Tène A-B1) 115 325–150 BC (LT B2-C) 116 150–25 BC (La Tene D) 117 Theoretical Implications 120 References 123 Part II Inequality in Early Greece and Etruria 128 Chapter Eight The Protogeometric Graves of the Kerameikos Cemetery at Athens: Is There Inequality? 130 Quantitative Approach to the Grave Goods of the Tahenian Formal Burial 131 Number of Objects Found in the Graves 132 Metal Objects Found in the Graves 133 Gender and Number of Items 133 Chronology 135 Conclusions 136 Notes 137 References 138 Chapter Nine Diversities and Inequality: The Male Burials in Early Iron Age Athens 140 Early Athens: Clusters of Dwellings and Family Groups of Burials 140 The Funerary Evidence and the Formal Burial Theory: Inequality at Death 141 The Male Community: Men Bearing Weapons and Others 142 The Burials with Weapons within a Kinship-based Burying Practice: A Generational Perspective 150 The Killed Weapon and the Body of the Man of Excellence 152 Conclusion: Ranking in the EIA Athenian Mortuary Record 153 Acknowledgments 155 Notes 155 References 163 Chapter Ten Tracing Inequality in Early Attica: Wealthy and Deprived, Ladies and Maidens 170 Introduction 171 The Visibility of Social Inequality: Wealthy or Deprived? 172 Assessing Gender Inequality: Ladies and Maidens 177 Made to Impress? Oversized Pitchers and Social Complexity in LG Attica 180 Conclusions 186 Acknowledgments 187 Notes 187 References 190 Chapter Eleven Etruscan Women and Social Polarity: Two Case Studies for Approaching Inequality 196 Introduction 197 Prior Studies of Etruscan Inequality 197 Current Research 199 Case Study 1 201 Case Study 2 203 Notes 204 References 205 Part III Inequality in Classical Archaeology 210 Chapter Twelve History and Archaeology of the Etruscan Servitus 212 Notes 223 References 223 Chapter Thirteen Housing and Inequality in Ancient Greece 226 Housing and Inequality in the Late Geometric and Archaic Periods 228 The Classical Period: The Age of Equality? 232 Housing, Inequality, and Social Mobility in the Hellenistic Period 241 Conclusions 244 Acknowledgments 245 Notes 245 References 246 Chapter Fourteen Mapping Inequality in Ancient Greece 250 Surveying the Surface: Lines and Blurs 250 The Visual Arts: Portraying Statuses 251 Epitaphs: Equal in Death? 252 Public Inscriptions: Publicizing Inequality 254 Laws and Regulations: Unequal Penalties 256 Literary Texts: The Reality of Everyday Life 257 Conclusions: Drawing the Map 258 Notes 259 References 260 Chapter Fifteen Inequality in Republican Rome: Short-term and Long-term Effects of Warfare on the Distribution of Wealth 264 Inequality in Regal and Early Republican Rome 264 Social Tensions in Early Republican Rome, I: Legal Protection and Access to Land 266 Social Tensions in Early Republican Rome, II: Access to the Consulship and Protection of Debtors 268 How Did the Plebeians Achieve Their aims? 270 A Long-Term Perspective on Inequality in Republican Roman Society 272 Notes 275 References 277 Chapter Sixteen Slave Spaces: Housing Dependent Workers at Villa Magna 280 The Barracks at Villa Magna 280 The Plan of the Building 282 Infant Burials 286 The Small Finds 287 Discussion 289 Slave Barracks Elsewhere 291 Notes 295 References 297 Chapter Seventeen Inequality and Roman Imperial Properties: A Case Study 300 Roman Imperial Estates 300 Inequality within Imperial Estates 304 Architectural Evidence 307 Artifactual and Environmental Data 311 Inequality between Imperial Estates and other Properties 315 References 320 Chapter Eighteen Countering Inequality through Organized Collective Burial in Imperial Rome 324 Organized Collective Burial 326 The Material Dimension of Collective Burial 330 Conclusion 336 Notes 338 References 340 Part IV Bioarchaeology of Historical Inequality 344 Chapter Nineteen Bioarchaeology of Inequality: Lessons from American Institutionalized and Anatomical Skeletal Assemblages 346 Toward a Bioarchaeology of Inequality 347 Erie County Poorhouse Infants 349 Bioarchaeology of the Erie County Poorhouse 351 The W. Montague Cobb Human Skeletal Collection 355 Traumatic Injuries in the Cobb Collection 356 Conclusion 359 Acknowledgments 360 References 360 Contributors 366 Index 368 The Archaeology of Inequality explores the different aspects of social boundaries and articulation by comparing several interdisciplinary approaches for the analysis of the archaeological data, as well as actual case studies from the Prehistory to the Classical world. The book explores slavery, gender, ethnicity and economy as intersecting areas of study within the larger framework of inequality and exemplifies to what degree archaeologists can identify and analyze different patterns of inequality.