Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: For Nutrient, Abiotic and Biotic Stresses Management in Rice

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered enormously important in contemporary agriculture and horticulture due to their important role in nutrient, biotic and abiotic stress management apart from enhancing plant health and soil fertility. AMF is one of the important fungi for soil aggregation, which helps in drought management. Hence this book brings out an exclusive text on AMF for sustainable rice production. It provides comprehensive up-to-date knowledge on AMF in rice cultivation, and for sustainable rice production in different ecologies without damaging the environment. Salient Features: 1. Covers all the aspects of AMF in rice cultivation from diversity to applications 2. Documents AMF diversity based on metagenomic approach in rice ecosystems 3. Explains the importance of AMF in soil aggregation, which helps in drought management 4. Provides new unraveling knowledge about AMF for sustainable rice production in different ecologies without damaging the environment 5. Discusses the AMF role in induction of resistance in rice plants against some pests. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Chapter 1 History, Diversity, and Community Dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Rice Ecosystem 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Historical Evidence 1.2.1 The Discovery Period of AMF (1845–1974) 1.2.2 The Alpha Taxonomy Period of AMF (1975–1989) 1.2.3 The Cladistics Period of AMF (1990–2000) 1.2.4 The Phylogenetic Synthesis Period of AMF (2001-Present Times) 1.3 Diversity 1.4 Community Dynamics 1.5 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Metagenomics to Explore Mycorrhizal Diversity in Rice Ecosystem 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Metagenomics and the AMF Community 2.3 Genomic DNA Extraction and Purification of Rice Rhizosphere 2.3.1 Indirect Method 2.3.2 Direct Method 2.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Chapter 3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: For Nutrient Management in Rice 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Recent Advances in the Nutrient Management Abilities of AMF 3.3 Role of AMF in Soil Physical Properties 3.4 Identification of AMF-Specific Phosphate Transporters 3.5 Involvement of AMF in Soil Nitrogen Availability 3.6 Involvement of AMF in Soil-Biological Properties 3.7 Advantages of AMF for Sustainable Agriculture 3.8 Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: A Sustainable Approach for Enhancing Phosphorous and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice Cultivation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Agriculture Inputs Affect the Mycorrhizal Phosphate Uptake Pathway 4.3 Patterns Behind AMF Contribution to Plant's Phosphate Uptake 4.4 AMF-Mediated Nitrogen Translocation Into Plants 4.5 AMF Implications in Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Plants 4.6 Rice-AMF Association Affects N and P Uptake 4.7 Directing the Next Research Panel to AMF-Rice Signaling Pathways 4.8 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and their Role in Plant Growth Promotion in Rice 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Role in Plant Growth Promotion in Rice 5.2.1 The Role of AMF in Nutrient Management 5.2.2 The Role of AMF as a Biocontrol Agent 5.2.3 The Role of AMF in Rice Drought Stress Management 5.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Chapter 6 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Strigolactone: Role, Application, and Effects of Synthetic Strigolactone in Plant Growth Promotion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Branching Factors to Strigolactones 6.3 Mechanism of Action of Strigolactones 6.4 Importance of Synthetic Strigolactones 6.5 Structural Features of Strigolactones for Biological Activities 6.6 Synthetic Strigolactones and Their Application 6.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective Authors' Contributions Conflict of Interest References Chapter 7 The Beneficial Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Associated Bacteria for Plant Growth Promotion and Nutrient Management in Rice Cultivation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Conclusion References Chapter 8 An Insight of Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi – Rice Symbiosis in Stress Alleviation 8.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) 8.2 Response of Plant Under Stress Condition 8.3 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and its Role in Rice Production Under Drought Stress 9.1 Introduction 9.2 AMF: Overview with Hierarchical Position 9.3 AMF on Drought Tolerance in Rice 9.3.1 Plant-Water Retention 9.3.2 Osmotic Balance 9.3.3 Generation of Antioxidants 9.3.4 Photosynthetic Behavior 9.4 Mechanisms of Drought Tolerance 9.5 Conclusion and Futures References Chapter 10 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and its Role in Rice Production Under Salinity Stress 10.1 Introduction 10.2 AMF and their Association with Rice 10.3 AMF and Salinity Stress in Rice 10.4 AMF-Assisted Mechanisms to Overcome Salinity Stress 10.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook Authors' Contributions References Chapter 11 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Alleviation of Heavy Metal Stress in Rice 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Immobilization of Metal in the Mycorrhizosphere 11.3 Accumulation of Metal in Fungal Structures 11.4 Importance of Mycorrhiza in Stress Tolerance of Rice Under Heavy Metal Toxicity 11.5 Mitigation of Metal-Elicited Oxidative Stress by Mycorrhization 11.6 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Association and their Activation of Defense Response to Plant Protection 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Activation of Plant Defense by Mycorrhiza 12.1.2 Phenolic Compounds 12.1.3 Phosphorous and Carbon 12.1.4 Abiotic Stress 12.1.5 Enzymatic Responses 12.1.6 Molecular Responses 12.1.7 Signaling Responses 12.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in Sustainable Rice Production 12.2.1 Phosphorous and AMF 12.2.2 AMF and Disease Resistance 12.2.3 Plant Growth-Regulating Substances by the AMF 12.2.4 AMF and Nutrient Management References Chapter 13 Management of Rice Phytopathogens Through Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Molecular Interactions of AMF and Rice Plants 13.3 AMF Mechanisms in Biotic Stress Management 13.4 Significance of AMF in the Management of Rice Diseases 13.5 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rice Insect and Nematode Management 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Mechanism of Interaction Between AMF and Insect 14.3 Mechanism of Interaction Between AMF and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes 14.4 Effects of AMF Inoculation on Plant Defense 14.5 Conclusion References Chapter 15 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Associated Bacteria and their Role in Plant Protection in Rice Cultivation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 AMF-Associated Bacterial Community in Rice Mycorrhizosphere 15.2.1 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria 15.2.2 Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria 15.2.3 Endobacteria 15.2.4 Deleterious Bacteria 15.3 Mechanisms Involved in Rice Health Management by AMF-Associated Bacteria 15.4 Concluding Observations References Chapter 16 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and their Association for Bioremediation in Rice Cultivation 16.1 Introduction 16.2 AMF-Mediated Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils 16.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity and Rice Soil 16.3.1 Effects of Arsenic Toxicity on Soil and Rice Plant 16.3.1.1 Arsenic Toxicity and its Effect on Humans 16.3.1.2 AMF-Mediated Bioremediation of Arsenic 16.3.2 Lead (Pb) Toxicity and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 16.3.3 Iron (Fe) Concentration and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 16.3.4 Copper (Cu) Toxicity and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 16.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective References Chapter 17 AM Fungi Interactions in Rice Seedling Production 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis in Rice Plants 17.3 Role of AM Fungi for Sustainable Management in Rice Seedling Production 17.4 AMF-Induced Resistance in Rice 17.5 Conclusion References Chapter 18 AM Fungi Role in Soil Health Management 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Impact of AMF on Soil Physical Properties 18.2.1 Soil Structure 18.3 Role of AMF on Soil Chemical Properties 18.3.1 Soil Phosphorous 18.3.2 Soil Nitrogen 18.3.3 Soil Carbon Cycle and Sequestration 18.4 Involvement of AMF in Soil Trace Element Transmission 18.5 Impact of Crop Management on AMF 18.6 Impression of Soil Managing Exercise on AMF 18.7 Contribution of AMF in the Phytochemical of Polluted Soil 18.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective Acknowledgments References Chapter 19 OMICS Sciences for Deciphering Plant–Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 19.3 Colonization Process and Pre-Symbiotic Signaling 19.4 Mycorrhizal Interaction 19.5 OMICS Study of Symbiosis 19.5.1 Genomics Study of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 19.5.2 Transcriptomics for the Phosphate Uptake 19.5.3 Proteomic Study of the Symbiosis 19.5.4 Metabolomics 19.6 Conclusion References Chapter 20 AM Fungi: Mass Production, Quality Control, and Application 20.1 Introduction: Background 20.2 Mass Production of AM Fungi 20.2.1 Substrate-Based Production Systems 20.2.2 Substrate-Free Production Systems 20.2.2.1 The Nutrient Flow Technique 20.2.2.2 Aeroponics 20.2.3 In Vitro Production Systems 20.3 Quality Control of AM Fungi 20.3.1 Laboratory Quality Control 20.3.2 Preparation Room Quality Control 20.3.3 Growth Room Quality Control 20.3.4 Storage Room Quality Control 20.3.5 Inoculum Composition and Viability 20.3.6 Carrier Materials 20.3.7 Package and Labeling 20.3.8 Quality Control: Bioassay 20.4 Application of AM Fungi 20.5 Conclusion References Chapter 21 AM Fungi Production Upscaling, Government Regulations, Marketing, and Commercialization 21.1 Introduction 21.2 From Plant Symbionts to Bio-Inoculants 21.3 Upscaling the Application of AMF in Agriculture 21.3.1 Agricultural and Horticultural Production 21.3.2 Large Agricultural Scale Application of AMF 21.4 Commercial Use of AM Fungi 21.5 Government Regulation and Quality Control of Commercial AMF-Based Products 21.6 Conclusion References Chapter 22 Rice Seed Priming with AMF and AMF-Associated Bacteria for Crop Enhancement 22.1 Introduction: Background and Rationale 22.2 AMF and AMF-Associated Bacteria 22.3 Role of AMF and AMF-Associated Bacteria in Nutrients Uptake and Plant Growth 22.4 AMF and AMF-Associated Bacteria Role in Plant Stress Tolerance 22.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 23 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Control of Fungal Diseases in Rice 23.1 Introduction 23.2 AMF as Biological Control Agents 23.3 Fungal Diseases of Rice 23.4 AMFs as BCAs of Fungal Pathogens on Rice 23.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 24 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Role in Bioremediation in Rice in the Context of Climate Change 24.1 Heavy Metal Pollution in the Rice Ecosystem 24.2 Heavy Metals Accumulation in Rice Organs and Translocation to the Grain 24.3 Role of AMF for Heavy Metal Tolerance in Rice 24.3.1 Arsenic 24.3.2 Cadmium 24.4 Viability of Using AMF in Rice Under Heavy Metal Soils 24.5 Conclusion References Chapter 25 Rice–Mycorrhizal Interaction Enhances the Biocontrol Efficiency Through Integrated Approaches 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Rice Production and Biotic Stressors 25.3 AMF-Integrated Approach for the Biocontrol of Rice Pathogens 25.3.1 Specific Symbiosis Between AMF and their Host Plants 25.3.2 AMF Responses to Rice Pathogens and Biocontrol Effect 25.4 Performance of AMF in Stress Alleviation and Nutrient Deficiency 25.5 Conclusion References Index