Aquaculture: Principles and Practices (Fishing News Books)

Covering all aspects of subsistence and commercial aquaculture as practiced across the globe, this fully revised new edition from two leading world authorities in the field is set in two parts: principles and practices, and covers in detail recent developments in: History and planning Nutrition Reproduction and genetic selection Production statistics and economics Integrated aquaculture Sustainability and environmental effects (new chapter) All cultured species groups are addressed, from freshwater and marine fish to shellfish and seaweeds. Essential new facts and data have been included throughout. This comprehensive work is an essential purchase for all those studying aquaculture and is a valuable source of reference for all personnel involved in the aquaculture industry; including those working in fish farms, research institutions, teaching posts in universities and commercial establishments such as aquaculture equipment and feed supply companies. Libraries in all universities and research establishments will find this book an important addition to their shelves. Preface......Page 14 Acknowledgements......Page 16 Part I: Principles of Aquaculture......Page 17 1.2 Cultural and socio-economic basis......Page 19 1.3 Biological and technological basis......Page 20 1.4 Role in fishery management......Page 21 1.5 References......Page 22 2.1 Origins and growth of aquaculture......Page 23 2.2 Present state of aquaculture......Page 25 2.3 References......Page 29 3. National Planning of Aquaculture Development......Page 30 3.2 National resources......Page 31 3.4 Legal and environmental factors......Page 35 3.5.1 Stakeholder participation......Page 37 3.5.3 Industrial-scale aquaculture......Page 38 3.6 Aquaculture for rural development......Page 39 3.7.1 Participation of the local community......Page 40 3.8 References......Page 41 4.1 General considerations......Page 43 4.2.1 Soil characteristics......Page 46 4.2.2 Acid sulphate soils......Page 48 4.4 Water quantity and quality......Page 50 4.5 Sources of pollution and user conflicts......Page 52 4.6 Environmental impact assessment......Page 55 4.7 Social aspects of site selection and management......Page 56 4.9 References......Page 57 5. Selection of Species for Culture......Page 59 5.1 Biological characteristics of aquaculture species......Page 60 5.2 Economic and market considerations......Page 61 5.3 Introduction of exotic species......Page 62 5.4 Common aquaculture species......Page 64 5.5 References......Page 71 6.1.1 Data for pond farm design......Page 72 6.1.2 Design and construction of pond farms......Page 77 6.2.1 Tank farms......Page 93 6.2.2 Raceway farms......Page 98 6.3.1 Types of cages and layout of cage farms......Page 100 6.3.2 Submersible cages and cage maintenance......Page 103 6.4 Pens and enclosures......Page 106 6.5 Design and construction of hatcheries......Page 107 6.5.1 Source and supply of water......Page 109 6.5.2 Reconditioning and recirculation of water......Page 110 6.5.3 Hatchery equipment......Page 111 6.5.4 Layout and accessories......Page 114 6.6 References......Page 118 7.1 Feeding habits and food utilization......Page 121 7.2 Energy metabolism......Page 122 7.3 Energy requirements and sources......Page 123 7.3.2 Proteins......Page 124 7.3.3 Lipids and essential fatty acids......Page 128 7.3.4 Vitamins......Page 131 7.3.5 Minerals......Page 134 7.4 Broodstock and larval nutrition......Page 136 7.5.1 Nature and source of live foods......Page 137 7.5.2 Pond fertilization for production of live foods......Page 150 7.6.1 Supplementary feedstuffs......Page 159 7.6.2 Types of processed feeds......Page 160 7.6.3 Ingredients......Page 161 7.6.4 Feed formulation and feed formulae......Page 164 7.6.5 Substitution of fish meal in feeds......Page 169 7.6.6 Feed preparation......Page 170 7.6.7 Larval feeds......Page 175 7.6.8 Feeding techniques......Page 178 7.7 References......Page 184 8.1 Reproductive cycles......Page 190 8.2 Control of reproduction......Page 191 8.3 Induced reproduction......Page 192 8.3.1 Hypophysation......Page 194 8.3.2 Gametes and fertilization......Page 196 8.5 Use of sex steroids for sex reversal......Page 197 8.6 Genetic selection and hybridization......Page 198 8.6.1 Methods of genetic selection......Page 199 8.6.2 Mass selection......Page 200 8.6.3 Genotypic selection......Page 201 8.6.5 Combined selection......Page 202 8.6.6 Cross-breeding......Page 203 8.7 Transgenics in aquaculture......Page 205 8.8 Molecular techniques......Page 206 8.8.2 Intraspecific crossbreeding......Page 207 8.8.6 Polyploidy......Page 208 8.8.9 Interspecific nuclear transfer......Page 209 8.8.12 Combining genetic enhancement programmes......Page 210 8.9 References......Page 211 9.1 Health and diseases in aquaculture......Page 217 9.1.1 Factors affecting fish health......Page 218 9.1.2 Integrated health management......Page 222 9.2 Major diseases of aquaculture species......Page 232 9.2.1 Viral diseases......Page 233 9.2.2 Bacterial diseases......Page 238 9.2.3 Fungus diseases......Page 246 9.2.4 Protozoan diseases......Page 249 9.2.5 Copepod infections......Page 253 9.2.6 Trematode infections......Page 255 9.3 Public health and aquaculture......Page 256 9.4 References......Page 258 10.1 Weed problems in aquaculture farms......Page 262 10.3.1 Prevention of infestations and utilization of weeds......Page 263 10.3.2 Manual and mechanical methods......Page 265 10.3.3 Chemical methods......Page 266 10.3.4 Biological control......Page 268 10.4 Control of predators, weed animals and pests......Page 269 10.4.1 Predators......Page 270 10.4.2 Weed animals and pests......Page 271 10.4.3 Use of non-selective pesticides......Page 272 10.5 References......Page 273 11.1.2 Seining undrainable ponds......Page 276 11.1.3 Other methods of fishing......Page 280 11.1.4 Harvesting cage and raceway farms......Page 282 11.1.5 Harvesting of molluscs......Page 283 11.2.1 Sorting......Page 284 11.2.2 Depuration of molluscs......Page 286 11.2.3 Preservation and processing......Page 287 11.3 References......Page 288 12.1 Outlets for aquaculture products......Page 290 12.2 Organization of marketing......Page 291 12.3.1 Market research......Page 292 12.3.2 Formulation of market strategies......Page 296 12.4 Marketing strategies for aquaculture products......Page 298 12.5 References......Page 299 13.1 Economic viability......Page 300 13.2.2 Variable and fixed costs......Page 301 13.3 Analysis of data......Page 302 13.3.1 Evaluation of farm performance......Page 303 13.3.2 Sensitivity analysis......Page 305 13.3.3 Minimum farm size......Page 306 13.4 Financial and economic feasibility of investment......Page 309 13.4.1 Financial analysis......Page 312 13.4.3 Socio-economic analysis......Page 315 13.5 Risk and insurance......Page 317 13.6 References......Page 319 14.1 Concepts and economic principles of farm management......Page 320 14.2 Application of farm management principles in aquaculture......Page 322 14.2.1 Farm business analysis......Page 323 14.2.3 Operation and financing......Page 324 14.2.5 Decision-making......Page 325 14.3 References......Page 326 15.2 Pollutionary effects of waste discharges from aquatic farms......Page 327 15.4 Selection of sites and farming practices......Page 328 15.5.2 Regulation and licensing......Page 331 15.6 References......Page 332 Part II: Aquaculture Practices......Page 335 16.1.1 Common carp......Page 337 16.1.2 Chinese carps......Page 340 16.1.3 Indian carps......Page 342 16.2 Culture systems......Page 344 16.3 Spawning and fry production......Page 346 16.3.2 Selection and segregation of brood stock......Page 348 16.3.3 Spawning and larval rearing......Page 349 16.3.4 Hypophysation......Page 350 16.3.5 Nursing of carp fry......Page 358 16.4.2 Polyculture......Page 359 16.4.3 Pond fertilization and feeding......Page 361 16.5 Diseases and mortality......Page 362 16.6 Harvesting and marketing......Page 365 16.7 References......Page 366 17. Trouts and Salmons......Page 368 17.1 Trouts......Page 369 17.1.1 Culture systems......Page 371 17.1.2 Development of brood stock......Page 374 17.1.3 Techniques of propagation......Page 375 17.1.4 Grow-out......Page 378 17.2 Salmons......Page 379 17.2.1 Culture systems......Page 380 17.2.2 Techniques of propagation......Page 381 17.2.3 Grow-out......Page 383 17.3 Feeds and feeding of salmonids......Page 384 17.4 Salmonid diseases......Page 386 17.6 Economics......Page 387 17.7 References......Page 388 18.1.1 Culture systems......Page 389 18.1.2 Propagation and grow-out......Page 390 18.2 Asian catfishes......Page 395 18.2.1 Spawning and fry production of Clarias spp.......Page 396 18.2.2 Propagation of Pangasius......Page 397 18.2.3 Grow-out of Asian catfishes......Page 398 18.2.4 Diseases......Page 399 18.3 African catfish......Page 400 18.3.1 Spawning and fry production......Page 401 18.3.2 Grow-out and feeds......Page 402 18.4.1 Spawning and rearing of fry......Page 403 18.4.2 Grow-out......Page 404 18.5 References......Page 405 19.1 Culture systems......Page 407 19.2 Collection and rearing of seed eels......Page 409 19.3 Feeds and grow-out of adult eels......Page 410 19.4 Diseases and mortality......Page 411 19.5 Harvesting and marketing......Page 413 19.6 Economics......Page 414 19.7 References......Page 415 20. Tilapias......Page 416 20.1 Cultivated species of tilapias......Page 417 20.2 Culture systems......Page 418 20.3.1 Methods of spawning......Page 420 20.3.2 Mono-sex seed stock and hybrids......Page 422 20.4.1 Grow-out in ponds......Page 425 20.4.2 Cage and pen culture......Page 426 20.4.4 Feeds and feeding......Page 427 20.7 Economics......Page 428 20.8 References......Page 431 21.1 Grey mullets (family Mugilidae)......Page 433 21.1.1 Culture systems......Page 434 21.1.2 Fry collection and artificial propagation......Page 435 21.1.3 Grow-out......Page 437 21.2 Milkfish......Page 439 21.2.2 Fry collection and induced spawning......Page 440 21.2.3 Grow-out......Page 444 21.2.4 Harvesting and marketing......Page 447 21.3 References......Page 448 22.1 Culture systems......Page 450 22.2 Production of seedlings......Page 451 22.4 Diseases......Page 452 22.6 References......Page 453 23.1 Sea-basses......Page 454 23.1.2 Asian sea-bass......Page 456 23.2.1 Gilthead sea-bream......Page 460 23.2.2 Red sea-bream......Page 462 23.3 References......Page 463 24. Other Finfishes......Page 465 24.1 Murrels (snakeheads)......Page 467 24.1.1 Spawning and fry production......Page 468 24.2 Gouramis......Page 469 24.2.1 Spawning and fry production......Page 470 24.2.2 Grow-out......Page 472 24.3.1 Fry collection and induced spawning......Page 473 24.4 Rabbit fishes......Page 474 24.4.1 Fry collection and induced spawning......Page 475 24.5.1 Controlled spawning and hatchery production of juveniles......Page 476 24.5.2 Grow-out......Page 478 24.6 Cod......Page 479 24.7 Tunas......Page 481 24.8 References......Page 485 25.1 Major cultivated species of shrimps and prawns......Page 489 25.2 Shrimp culture systems......Page 494 25.2.3 Hatchery production of seed stock......Page 496 25.3.1 Brood stock......Page 497 25.3.2 Hatchery systems......Page 498 25.3.3 Spawning and larval rearing......Page 501 25.4 Grow-out of shrimps......Page 503 25.4.2 Diseases......Page 506 25.4.3 Harvesting and marketing......Page 508 25.5 Economics of shrimp farming......Page 509 25.6 Reproduction and larval rearing of fresh-water prawns......Page 511 25.6.1 Hatchery systems......Page 512 25.6.2 Spawning and larval rearing......Page 513 25.7 Grow-out of fresh-water prawns......Page 516 25.7.1 Food and feeding......Page 517 25.7.2 Harvesting and marketing......Page 519 25.9 References......Page 522 26.1 Crayfishes......Page 526 26.1.1 Culture of Procambarus clarkii......Page 529 26.2.1 Culture of Scylla serrata......Page 531 26.3 References......Page 533 27. Oysters and Mussels......Page 535 27.1 Oysters......Page 536 27.1.1 Culture systems......Page 538 27.1.2 Production of seed oysters......Page 541 27.1.3 Grow-out......Page 548 27.2 Mussels......Page 554 27.2.1 Culture systems......Page 557 27.2.2 Seed stock......Page 559 27.2.3 Grow-out......Page 560 27.2.4 Harvesting, depuration and marketing......Page 561 27.3 References......Page 562 28.1.1 Culture systems......Page 565 28.1.2 Hatchery production of seed......Page 566 28.1.3 Grow-out......Page 567 28.2.1 Spat collection......Page 568 28.2.3 Grow-out......Page 569 28.3 Abalones......Page 571 28.3.1 Controlled reproduction and larval rearing......Page 574 28.3.2 Grow-out......Page 575 28.4 References......Page 576 29. Seaweeds......Page 578 29.1 Culture systems......Page 579 29.2.1 Porphyra culture......Page 580 29.2.2 Culture of Undaria......Page 585 29.2.3 Culture of Laminaria......Page 586 29.2.4 Culture of other edible seaweeds......Page 587 29.2.5 Culture of seaweeds for industrial use......Page 588 29.3 References......Page 590 30.1 Rationale of integrated farming......Page 592 30.2.1 Pig and fish farming......Page 593 30.2.2 Duck and fish farming......Page 595 30.3 Rice-field aquaculture......Page 598 30.3.1 Objectives and types of rice-field aquaculture......Page 600 30.3.2 Rice–fish rotation......Page 601 30.3.3 Combined culture of rice and fish......Page 603 30.5 References......Page 607 31.1.1 Reservoirs......Page 610 31.1.2 Lakes and streams......Page 612 31.1.3 Coastal and inland seas......Page 616 31.2 Ranching of anadromous species......Page 618 31.2.1 Salmons......Page 619 31.2.2 Sturgeons......Page 625 31.4 References......Page 627 Index......Page 630 "This comprehensive work is an essential purchase for all those studying aquaculture and is a valuable source of reference for all personnel involved in the aquaculture industry, including those working in fish farms, research institutions, teaching posts in universities and commercial establishments such as aquaculture equipment and feed supply companies. Libraries in universities and research establishments will find this book an important addition to their shelves."--BOOK JACKET fully updated and revised new edition of very popular book contains many essential new facts and data covers environmental and pollution effect of aquaculture an essential purchase for all those studying and working in the area.