Aquaculture in the Middle East and North Africa : status and research needs

TITLE PAGE ......Page 4 CONTENTS......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 8 INTRODUCTION......Page 12 BACTERIAL DISEASES......Page 14 PARASITIC DISEASES......Page 15 NEW APPROACHES......Page 17 REFERENCES......Page 18 PARASITIC PROTOZOANS – INCREASING MENACE IN MARICULTURE FACILITIES AND MARINE AQUARIUM IN KUWAIT......Page 22 Cryptocaryon Sp.......Page 23 Scuticociliatosis......Page 24 Amyloodinium (Marine Velvet Disease)......Page 25 REFERENCES......Page 27 INTRODUCTION......Page 30 Coldwater Fish Farming......Page 31 Warm Water Fish Farming......Page 34 Ornamental and Other Fish species......Page 35 Shrimp Farming......Page 37 Disease Control and Aquaculture Veterinary Medicine......Page 38 Recommendations and Prospective......Page 39 REFERENCES......Page 40 INTRODUCTION......Page 42 DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL MEASUREMENTS IN TURKISH FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE......Page 43 CONCLUSION......Page 45 REFERENCES......Page 46 INTRODUCTION......Page 52 VIRAL DISEASES......Page 53 PARASITIC DISEASES......Page 54 REFERENCES......Page 56 ABSTRACT......Page 60 INTRODUCTION......Page 61 SPAWNING OF WILD STOCK IN KUWAIT WATERS......Page 64 Maturity Stages in Relation to Day Time......Page 65 Availability of Gravid Fish......Page 67 Effect of Microalgal Species on Larval Survival......Page 71 Larval Mortality and Air Bubble......Page 72 PERFORMANCE OF FORMULATED FEEDS ON THE GROWTH OF JUVENILES......Page 74 GROW-OUT UNDER TANK CULTURE CONDITIONS......Page 75 PATHOLOGY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT......Page 81 Gonad Development in Cultured Brood Stock......Page 82 Brood Stock Feed Development......Page 83 BREEDING OF CULTURED BROOD STOCKS......Page 84 Natural Spawning of Cultured Brood Stock......Page 85 Hormonal Induction of Cultured Brood Stock......Page 88 REFERENCES......Page 93 ABSTRACT......Page 98 INTRODUCTION......Page 99 MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION OF ARABIAN GULF......Page 101 Design, Significant Wave Height and Mean Wave Period for Aquaculture Cages in the Arabian Gulf......Page 103 Tide Induced Currents in the Arabian Gulf......Page 107 Protection of Aquaculture Cages against Severe Wave Forces and Aeration using the Marine Wave Energy......Page 109 CONCLUSION......Page 111 REFERENCES......Page 112 INTRODUCTION......Page 114 b. Brief Aquaculture History......Page 116 b.2. Iran......Page 117 b.3. Iraq......Page 118 b.5. Oman......Page 119 b.7. Saudi Arabia......Page 120 b.8. UAE......Page 121 a. Regional Overview......Page 122 b.1.Bahrain......Page 123 b.2. Iran......Page 124 b.3. Iraq......Page 126 b.5. Oman......Page 127 b.6. Qatar......Page 128 b.7. Saudi Arabia......Page 129 b.8. UAE......Page 130 b.9. Yemen......Page 131 c. Culture Species, Production Quantity......Page 132 III.d. Non-Food Aquatic Species......Page 135 f. Culture Environments......Page 136 a.4.Kuwait......Page 138 a.9. Yemen......Page 139 b.2.Iran......Page 140 b.5.Oman......Page 141 c. Aquatic Animal Health, Food Safety and Transboundary Issues......Page 142 c.3.Iraq......Page 143 c.8. UAE......Page 144 d. Markets for Aquaculture Produce and Challenges to Farmers......Page 145 e. Market Price of Wild Fish Compared to Culture Produce......Page 146 c. Fish v/s Other Protein Sources......Page 147 b. Feed and Seed Resources......Page 148 c. Environmental Management Issues......Page 150 a.3. Iraq......Page 151 a.8. UAE......Page 152 c. Education, Research and Training – Present Status......Page 153 d. Aquafarmers’ associations, cooperatives......Page 154 RECENT TRENDS AND PRIORITY ISSUES......Page 155 BAHRAIN......Page 157 IRAN......Page 158 CONCLUSION......Page 160 REFERENCES......Page 161 ABSTRACT......Page 166 INTRODUCTION......Page 167 THE PRESENT STATUS OF AQUACULTURE......Page 168 Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)......Page 176 Grouper (Epinephelus aeneus)......Page 180 European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)......Page 182 Carp......Page 183 Tilapia......Page 184 ORNAMENTAL FISH PRODUCTION......Page 185 Koi Herpes Virus......Page 186 Feed Additives: L-carnitine......Page 187 INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS......Page 188 RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS......Page 191 CONCLUSION......Page 193 REFERENCES......Page 194 ABSTRACT......Page 202 Background to Aquaculture Development......Page 203 Current status of Aquaculture Production......Page 204 Carps......Page 205 Rainbow Trout......Page 207 Sturgeon Farming......Page 208 Marine Shrimp......Page 209 Aquaculture for Stock Enhancement (restocking)......Page 211 Potential for Further Aquaculture Development in Iran......Page 212 Coldwater Fish Farming......Page 213 Ornamental Fish......Page 215 Disease Control and Veterinary Medicine in Iran......Page 216 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 217 REFERENCES......Page 218 ABTSRACT......Page 220 INTRODUCTION......Page 221 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW......Page 222 The Second Stage......Page 223 Phase 2, from the 50's to the 70's......Page 227 Phase 3, from the 80's to the 90's......Page 228 Phase 4, the Current Period of 2000's......Page 229 Aquaculture Production......Page 230 Marine Aquaculture......Page 231 Potential Sites for Industrial Aquaculture......Page 233 Emerging Potential Sites......Page 235 Sea-bass, (Discentrarchus labrax)......Page 237 Bluefin Tuna, (Thunnus thynnus)......Page 239 Other Species under Investigation......Page 240 Common Dentex (Dentex dentex)......Page 241 Japanese (Pacific) cupped oyster, (Crassostrea gigas)......Page 242 European clam, (Ruditapes decussatus)......Page 244 Japanese Scallop, (Patinopecten yessoensis)......Page 245 Algae Species......Page 246 European Eel, (Anguilla anguilla)......Page 247 Rainbow Trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss)......Page 248 Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Chinese (or Grass) carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix......Page 249 Pike (Esox lucius)......Page 250 Spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus)......Page 251 Seed Supply......Page 252 Feed Supply......Page 254 CULTURE HUSBANDRY......Page 255 Manpower......Page 256 REVIEW OF AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 257 MARINE AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 258 PROSPECTS......Page 261 CONCLUSION......Page 262 REFERENCES......Page 264 INTRODUCTION......Page 268 PRESENT STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE......Page 270 Common Carp......Page 272 Freshwater Prawn......Page 273 Rabbitfish......Page 274 White Indian Shrimp......Page 275 PRESENT AND FUTURE AQUACULTURE PROJECTS......Page 277 National Prawn Company (NPC)......Page 278 Al-Faris Farm for Sturgeon Fish and Caviar Production......Page 282 CONCLUSION......Page 283 REFERENCES......Page 284 INTRODUCTION......Page 286 AQUACULTURE IN TURKEY......Page 293 Aquaculture Production Trends......Page 297 Structure of the Aquaculture Sector......Page 302 Diversification of Cultured Species......Page 305 Aquaculture Regulation......Page 309 Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring......Page 310 Effect of New Environmental Law......Page 311 Development of Turkish Aquaculture......Page 313 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES......Page 314 Research, Development and Innovation......Page 315 EU Harmonization......Page 317 Coherence of Government Programs-Necessity of Additional Program......Page 318 Interactions between Aquaculture and Other Coastal Sectors......Page 319 Consumer Aspects Regarding Aquaculture Products in Turkey......Page 320 Marketing and Aquaculture Producer’s Organizations......Page 321 Traceability, Labeling and Certification......Page 323 Traceability......Page 324 Quality Schemes for Aquaculture Species......Page 325 CONCLUSION......Page 326 REFERENCES......Page 328 INDEX......Page 330