Approaches to Chan, Sŏn, and Zen Studies: Chinese Chan Buddhism and Its Spread throughout East Asia (SUNY in Chinese Philosophy and Culture)

Contents Foreword Preface Introduction Section and Chapter Summaries Section I: Chinese Chan and the Greater East Asian Region 1 The Spread of Chan Buddhism: Linguistic and Cultural Constraints Introduction The Hinterlands of China Beyond China Tibetans Dunhuang Tanguts Khitan Jurchen Bai Vietnam Korea Japan Conclusion Notes 2 The Hangzhou Region and the Spread of East Asian Buddhism In Search of East Asian Buddhism The History of the Spread of Buddhism: Indo-centric Presuppositions Beyond Dunhuang: Resituating Chan Studies Where to Begin? The Wuyue Kingdom and the Creation of an East Asian Buddhism In the Footsteps of Eisai: The Hangzhou Region as the New Center of East Asian Buddhism Chan Influence in Korea Repositioning Chan, Sŏn, and Zen Buddhist Studies: The Hangzhou Region and the Spread of East Asian Buddhism Notes 3 A Greater Vehicle to the Other Shore: Chinese Chan Buddhism and the Sino-Japanese Trade in the Seventeenth Century Introduction Chinese Monks as Travelers in East Asia Chinese Buddhist Monasteries in Nagasaki Chinese Merchants in Nagasaki Buddhism as Sources of Human, Social, and Cultural Capital Buddhism as a Source of Human Capital Buddhism as a Source of Social Capital Buddhism as a Source of Cultural Capital Conclusion Notes Section II: The Japanese Zen Nexus 4 The Transmission of the Blue Cliff Record to Medieval Japan: Textuality and Historicity in Relation to Mythology and Demythology Overview of the Text and Its Myths Textual Structure and History Rethinking the Dahui Incineration Legend Rethinking the Dōgen “One Night” Legend Conclusion: Outlines of a Theory Notes 5 Interpreters, Brush-Dialogue, and Poetry: Translingual Communication between Chan and Zen Monks Introduction Contexts and Precedents A) Exchange Poems B) Interpreters and Brush-Dialogue: Jōjin (1011–1081) and his Interpreter Chen Yong Between Chan and Zen Monks A) Matched Rhyme Poetry: Zen Monk Mushō Jōshō (1234–1306) in China, Émigré Monks in Japan B) Rhymed Sinitic Poetry without Spoken Chinese in the Diary of Gidō Shūshin (1325–1388) C) Émigré Monks on the Ground in Japan D) Brush-Dialogue: Yishan Yining E) Brush-Dialogue: Wuxue Zuyuan and Kōhō Kennichi Conclusion Notes 6 Doves on My Knees, Golden Dragons in My Sleeves: Emigrant Chan Masters and Early Japanese Zen Buddhism Introductory Remarks Historical Context Lanxi Daolong Wuxue Zuyuan Yishan Yining Concluding Remarks Notes 7 The Lute, Lyric Poetry, and Literary Arts in Chinese Chan and Japanese Zen Buddhism Introduction Zen and the Literary Arts Donggao Xinyue with Sinophiles and Sinophobes Expressing Nostalgia and Encountering Japan Conclusions: Contributions to an Edo Zen “Renaissance” Notes Section III: The Korean Sŏn Nexus 8 Pure Rules and Public Monasteries in Korea Introduction Public Monasteries in Korea Phase I: Tamjin Phase II: Susŏnsa Phase III: The Fourteenth Century Notes 9 Gender and Dharma Lineage: Nuns in Korean Sŏn Buddhism Introduction Korean Nuns’ Practice of Hwadu Meditation under Master Hyesim Jikji (直指) and Bhiks.un. ī Myodŏk (妙德) Nuns in Modern Korean Sŏn Buddhism Center and Margin in Sŏn Buddhism Gender and Dharma Lineage: Nuns in Korean Sŏn Buddhism Notes 10 Mindful Interactions and Recalibrations: From Chinul to T’oegye Introduction The Emergence of Chan Buddhism The Emergence of Sŏn in Korea Chinul and the Pathway to Mindful Sŏn The Emergence of Neo-Confucianism T’oegye’s Gradual Guide to Become a Sage: Mindfulness and Practice Conclusion N\otes Section IV: Chan, Zen, and Sŏn in the Modern Period 11 Taixu’s History of the Chan Tradition Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Chan as Mental Cultivation Based on the Teachings 3. Chan as Attaining Buddhahood through Insight into Mind 4. Chan of the Patriarchs that Supersedes the Buddha 5. Chan of the Lamp Traditions that Supersedes the Patriarchs 6. Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing 6.1. Commenting on Gongans 6.2. Investigating the Huatou with Doubt 6.3. Dual Practice of Chan and Pure Land 6.4. Reintegrating Chan and the Teachings 6.5. Silent Illumination 6.6. Compiling and Studying Recorded Sayings 6.7. The Practice of Alternating Sitting Meditation and Running 6.8. The State of Affairs in the Sangha 6.9. Coattail Taoism 6.10. Influence on Confucianism Conclusion Notes 12 Zen Internationalism, Zen Revolution: Inoue Shūten and Uchiyama Gudō and the Crisis of Buddhist Modernity in Late Meiji Japan Introduction The New Buddhist Fellowship Inoue Shūten: Buddhism, Socialism, and Pacifism Uchiyama Gudō: Self-Awakening to Freedom Meiji Zen Currents: Universalism and the State Conclusions: Is There Any Zen There? Notes 13 The Struggle of the Jogye Order to Define its Identity as a Meditative School in Contemporary Korea Introduction Part I Pojo Chinul and Chingak Hyesim The Funerary Inscription Account of Chinul’s Three “Awakenings” Chinul’s Own Account of the Second “Awakening” Points of Convergence The Impact of the Three “Awakenings” on Chinul’s Life The Sequence of the Three “Awakenings” Chinul’s Excerpts and Posthumous Works Park Keonjoo’s Challenge to the Traditional Attribution of Treatise on Resolving Doubts about Observing the Key Phrase to Chinul Park Keonjoo’s Understanding of the Four Allusions To Kanhwa Sŏn Found in Excerpts Cho Myungje’s Research on Hyesim’s Compilation and Other Works How did Hyesim Influence the Interpretation of Hismaster’s Thought? Part II The Sociopolitical Background of the Sino-Korean Connection Part III A Critical Evaluation of T’oeong Sŏngch’ŏl’s Influence Sŏngch’ŏl’s Life Sŏngch’ŏl’s Life as a Layman Until 1936 Sŏngch’ŏl’s Life as a Sŏn Monk (1936 to 1993) Sŏngch’ŏl’s Works and Thought The First Part of Sŏngch’ŏl’s Works The Second Part of Sŏngch’ŏl’s Works A Critical Approach to Sŏngch’ŏl’s Thought Notes Bibliography Abbreviations Primary Sources Secondary Sources Contributors Index "This volume focuses on Chinese Chan Buddhism and its spread across East Asia, with special attention to its impacts on Korean Sŏn and Japanese Zen. Zen enthralled the scholarly world throughout much of the twentieth century, and Zen Studies became a major academic discipline in its wake. Interpreted through the lens of Japanese Zen and its reaction to events in the modern world, Zen Studies incorporated a broad range of Zen-related movements in the East Asian Buddhist world. As broad as the scope of Zen Studies was, however, it was clearly rooted in a Japanese context, and aspects of the "Zen experience" that did not fit modern Japanese Zen aspirations tended to be marginalized and ignored. Approaches to Chan, Sŏn, and Zen Studies acknowledges the move beyond Zen Studies to recognize the changing and growing parameters of the field. The volume also examines the modern dynamics in each of these traditions"-- Back cover